pregnant mouse behavior

As eclampsia patients often exhibit hyperintensity on T2-weighted brain MRI indicative of vasogenic edema [28–31], acute severe hypertension in PAH mice may disrupt the blood–brain barrier (BBB) [32], but PAH mice have not been examined for the integrity of the BBB. Furthermore, many gene-modified mice have been developed as animal models of human diseases, including preeclampsia [9] and the sleep disorder narcolepsy [10], which enables the examination of how pregnancy affects the phenotypes of animal models. Fee is pregnant! This study also proposes that PAH mice may be an animal model of eclampsia. (C) Representative 8-s EEG and EMG during wake, NREMS, and REMS during mid and late pregnancy and postpartum in a PAH mouse. To examine whether high blood pressure disrupts the integrity of the blood–brain barrier in PAH mice, Evans blue dye was injected intravenously. During the course of pregnancy, the EEG spectrogram showed a polyphasic sleep pattern mainly during the light phase, similar to that before pregnancy. EEG and EMG during pregnancy in wild-type and PAH mice. https://secureservercdn.net/198.71.233.5/712.919.myftpupload.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/maternal-video.mp4. After delivery, blood pressure started to decrease and returned to 100–110 mm Hg by the third day after delivery [9, 25]. Similarly, the most commonly observed EEG abnormality in human eclampsia is generalized or focal slowing of EEG [28, 58, 59], and this abnormal EEG normalizes after the release from hypertension [59]. Since PAH mice did not raise newborn pups and ignored them, pups of PAH mice were killed by decapitation. XXIII. The NREMS δ density tended to be lower in postpartum PAH mice (Figure 6D). Since the amino acid sequence of angiotensin I is the same between human and mouse, angiotensin I in mice is subsequently processed into angiotensin II via the removal of two amino acids at the carboxyl terminus by angiotensin-converting enzyme [25], resulting in high blood pressure. (A) Representative 8-s EEG and EMG during wake, NREMS, and REMS during mid and late pregnancy and postpartum in a wild-type mouse. An increased number of wake episodes during late pregnancy was observed during both the light phase (F = 6.540, df = 4, p < .0001; Figure 2C) and dark phase (F = 10.806, df = 4, p < .0001; Figure 2C). Although we did not examine the fertility rate of THM in detail, we conjecture that chronic hypertension or enhanced renin–angiotensin system may decrease the fertility of THM. The total REMS time of female THM was shorter than that of female wild-type mice (Figure 8G). Look for hair loss around nipples, nest-building behaviors, or an enlarged … Approaching delivery, an increased physical load such as the weight of embryos, extended uterus, and increasing abdominal pressure, may necessitate more sleep and rest in pregnant mice. Haruna Komiya, MD, Chika Miyoshi, PhD, Kanako Iwasaki, BSc, Noriko Hotta-Hirashima, MS, Aya Ikkyu, MS, Satomi Kanno, Takato Honda, BSc, Masahiko Gosho, PhD, Hiromi Hamada, MD, PhD, Toyomi Satoh, MD, PhD, Akiyoshi Fukamizu, PhD, Hiromasa Funato, MD, PhD, Masashi Yanagisawa, MD, PhD, Sleep/Wake Behaviors in Mice During Pregnancy and Pregnancy-Associated Hypertensive Mice, Sleep, Volume 41, Issue 3, March 2018, zsx209, https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsx209. I took her to the vet a couple of days ago and they said she looked healthy (that was when we found out she was pregnant.) 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Corresponding Author: Hiromasa Funato, MD, PhD or Masashi Yanagisawa, MD, PhD, International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan. To examine whether severe hypertension disrupted the integrity of the BBB of PAH mice, we injected Evans blue dye into the tail vein during late pregnancy. The sleep/wakefulness in each 20-s epoch was classified as nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep (NREMS), rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (REMS), or wakefulness using MatLab (MathWorks)-based semiautomated staging system followed by visual inspection. The EEG spectrum of PAH mice in late pregnancy showed a decrease in high frequency power (>8 Hz) (Figure 1D), lacked a clear difference between the light and dark phases, and lacked any stretch of wake or sleep epochs (Figure 1D). House females continuously with the sire, or house pregnant females together, or house a pregnant female with a non-pregnant female. Continued progress in genetic engineering, including genome editing, has provided rapid progress in the genetics of sleep [11]. Although women with preeclampsia have a 3.7-fold increased risk of death compared with pregnant women without preeclampsia, women with eclampsia have a 42-fold increase [24]. Sleep/wakefulness was analyzed as previously described with some modifications [35]. All procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Tsukuba. The NREMS episode duration during the light phase during late pregnancy was shorter than that before pregnancy (F = 3.796, df = 4, p = .014; Figure 2E). Hormonal changes underlie the first component to appear in the pregnant mouse female, nest building; however the sound of pups can also induce nest building in non-pregnant nulliparious (virgin) females. Each electrode has four electrode pins and two wires. However in captivity, it is considered a maladaptive behavior. (D) Representative daily EEG spectrogram during mid and late pregnancy and postpartum in a PAH mouse. Interestingly, the REMS time of THM was similar to that of olmesartan-administered PAH mice. Using the mouse model, we examined autistic-like behaviors in greater detail, and additionally explored whether diet supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may mitigate the behavioral changes. (E) The injection of Evans blue into the tail vein resulted in multiple leakages in the PAH mouse brain, but not in the normotensive mouse brain during late pregnancy. During the dark phase, the duration of the NREMS episode during late pregnancy was significantly shorter than that before and during early pregnancy (F = 3.456, df = 4, p = .020; Figure 2E). Surprisingly, the prominent abnormalities in EEG and EMG of PAH mice quickly disappeared within 2 days from delivery (Figure 1C and D). In summary, the present study revealed a similarity in the sleep changes during pregnancy between humans and mice [6, 7], which provides a basis for future studies on sleep regulation in animal models for human diseases during pregnancy. When a female mouse is pregnant, she'll instinctively begin building a nest for the birth. Right-handed workers should hold the female in the left hand (left-handers should hold the mouse in the right hand), with the thumb and forefinger grasping the skin behind the neck, and the smallest finger holding back the tail. Consistent with abnormal placentation and increased secretion of angiogenic factors in human preeclampsia [21], PAH mice exhibit abnormal placental angiogenesis and intrauterine growth retardation [57, 66], which may increase humoral factors and reactive oxygen species to disrupt the BBB [67]. Situations you ordinarily take for granted, such as riding in a car or engaging in sports, may provoke some anxiety. Fragmented sleep may be due to spontaneous movements of the embryos in the uterus and/or the pressure of the growing uterus on neighboring tissues and organs. We observed multiple and very light Evans blue leakages ranging in diameter from less than 0.4 mm to larger than 2 mm in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum in all PAH mice as reported in acute hypertensive rats [32], but did not find any leakage in normotensive control mice during late pregnancy (Figure 4E). Although most behavioral studies have been conducted using male C57BL/6 mice, male-biased research results may hinder the characterization of sexually dimorphic effects, which may lead to an underestimation of risks for females [15]. 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An acute increase in arterial blood pressure by 80 mm Hg disrupts the BBB integrity in rats [60]. We also observed that half of the PAH mice showed spike-and-wave discharges during late pregnancy, based on EEG or EMG recording supplemented with video recording. The total NREMS time of female THM was similar to that of female wild-type mice (Figure 8D). Neuroimaging studies of eclampsia patients revealed posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, which refers to reversible vasogenic cerebral edema in the posterior region of the cerebral cortex accompanied by acute neuropsychiatric symptoms [28–31]. Human renin cannot process murine angiotensinogen, whereas mouse renin cannot cleave human angiotensinogen into angiotensin I. However, the difference in sleep/wake behavior between the light and dark phases was less marked in postpartum mice that cared for newborn mice (Figure 1B). Total time spent in wakefulness, NREMS, and REMS was derived by summing the total number of 20-s epochs in each state. However, behavior of the offspring was altered. Make sure your mice have appropriate company . It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Like many pregnant women, Leigh Llemit didn't have appetite on her first 2 months of pregnancy, but turned into a voracious eater once past that stage. Thus, an increased number of REMS episodes contributes to the increased total REMS time of olmesartan-administered PAH mice. ISBN 0-87969-574-9. Furthermore, we cannot exclude the possibility that humoral factors are involved in the altered sleep/wakefulness of PAH mice independently of high blood pressure. Gabriel Goh 26,679 views. In humans and other mammals, sleep is altered during pregnancy. (D) Enlarged spike-and-wave discharges indicated in (B and C). EEG spectrogram was drawn using multitaper method [36] (time-half bandwidth 3, number of tapers 5, window size 30 s, overlap 0.5) implemented in the Chronux tool box [37] for MATLAB. **p < .01, ***p < .001. Decreasing Insulin Requirements in Pregnancy with Preexisting or Gestational Diabetes: Management Practices across Canada. EEG or EMG signals were amplified using a bioamplifier (#AB-611J, Nihon Koden), filtered (EEG: 0.3–300 Hz; EMG: 30–300 Hz), digitized at a sampling rate of 250 Hz, and displayed using LabView (National Instruments)-based custom-made software. she mated with a male from the pet store cage not mine. PAH mice showed abnormal sleep/wakefulness frequently accompanied by spike-wave discharges during late pregnancy, which was alleviated by the administration of olmesartan, implicating PAH mice as an animal model of eclampsia. One of the first steps in preventing adult fish to eat baby platies is to know how to recognize the signs of pregnancy and prepare the aquarium for the time the female platy will give birth. Since the systolic blood pressure of THM is similar to that of olmesartan-administered PAH mice, the sleep/wake behaviors of these mice allow us to examine how mild-to-moderate hypertension affects sleep. However, no studies have been conducted on... Introduction. Postpartum PAH mice showed a longer total REMS time, suggesting that the homeostatic mechanism may compensate for the diminished total REMS during late pregnancy. The nest built by reproducing females is typically larger and more enclosed than the nests mice normally hide and sleep in (Weber & Olsson, 2008). EEG spectrum analysis during the course of pregnancy in wild-type mice. Restructuring maternal services during the covid-19 pandemic: Early results of a scoping review for non-infected women. Total REMS time, REMS episode duration, and REM episode number of THM were similar to those of olmesartan-administered PAH mice (Figure 7C, D, and E). The data are presented as the mean ± SEM. In humans and other mammals, sleep is altered during pregnancy. ALL ABOUT BUNNY BEHAVIOR - Duration: ... My pet mouse is pregnant, look very cute and adorable - Duration: 1:05. Brain circulation has an autoregulatory mechanism to maintain stable cerebral blood flow between mean arterial pressures of 60 and 120 mm Hg [39]. de Gasparo M, Catt KJ, Inagami T, Wright JW, Unger T. Saito T, Ishida J, Takimoto-Ohnishi Eet al. We excluded the sleep/wake data for mice that died or were sick during pregnancy or postpartum. Identify the sex of your hamster. Spike-and-wave discharges were observed in 50% of PAH mice. Did you find this useful? To evaluate the validity of PAH mice as a model of eclampsia, further studies using magnesium sulfate, the most potent anticonvulsant for eclampsia patients [22], may be necessary. Olmesartan-administered PAH mice showed a REMS episode duration similar to PAH mice (Figure 7D) and increased numbers of REMS episodes (F = 25.613, df = 2, p < .0001, Figure 7E). Pregnant Mouse Behavior? There was no difference in the NREMS episode duration (Figure 8E) or the NREMS episode number (Figure 8F). The effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia in cardiovascular gene expression is modulated by age in a mice model of sleep apnea. Thus, PAH mice exhibit a pathophysiologic mechanism similar to human eclampsia during late pregnancy. The EEG power density in each frequency bin was expressed as a percentage of the mean total EEG power over all frequency bins and sleep/wake states. n = 8; *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. In PAH mice, the number of dye leakages was 4.5 ± 0.96 (mean ± SEM). Strain differences have been demonstrated in behavior such as nest building and nursing (Weber & Olsson, 2008). (D–F) Total time spent in NREMS (D), NREMS episode duration (E), and NREMS episode number (F) before, during, and after pregnancy. Thus, a large-scale gene knockout program has been developed as a resource using C57BL/6 mice [13], and the subsequent phenomics program has continued to uncover the phenotypes of gene knockout mice [14]. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001. An increased total REMS during postpartum was observed during the light phase (F = 11.141, df = 3, p = .0008; Figure 5G), but not during the dark phase. One-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test. Situations you ordinarily take for granted, such as nest building and nursing Weber! Figure 6B ) containing movement artifacts were included in the preoptic area, which prevents other from..., angiotensin II is a severe phase of preeclampsia with the sire, or house pregnant! 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Phase was similar among before, during early and mid pregnancy, hormonal changes may sleep/wake...

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