what is educational malpractice

A legal definition of educational malpractice is yet to be codified, but the term can be assumed to involve professional negligence or the failure to provide services that can reasonably be expected. Educational Malpractice in a New Light It is widely known that plaintiffs’ attorneys can be a determined and crafty lot. ©2021 Swier Law Firm, Prof. LLC, All Rights Reserved, Reproduced with Permission Privacy PolicyWebsite Built by Foster Web Marketing Website Powered By Dynamic Self-Syndication (DSS™)Site MapDSS Login. In sum, one solution to educational malpractice based on teachers’ lack of legal knowledge is the school principal. The purpose of public schools was to teach everyone in town the Bible. If there is a potential for a flood of litigation, logic suggests that good public policy recognize these claims rather than dismisses them.” What it involves is an assertion of professional negligence or the failure to provide services to a standard that can reasonably be expected. We must not reward malpractice. It undermines the hard work … Malpractice (including cheating and exam fraud) can affect both qualification standards and confidence in qualifications. The question presented in my title has both empirical and doc-trinal facets. For example, a doctor prescribes a drug, that drug injures a patient, and the information about the drug specifically noted that i… SASD is an educational association comprised of over 800 school administrators (Superintendents, Business Managers, Principals, Special Education Directors, and Curriculum Directors) throughout South Dakota. Examination malpractice is any form of deliberate cheating on examinations which provides one or more candidates with an unfair advantage or disadvantage. If America's Founding Fathers could travel through time, they would say you are a Victim of Educational Malpractice. You are right in pointing out that much of this is not up to the individual, however, I have been working in this area for 20+ years, and most of the responsibility does lie with the individual teachers. The experts are saying not if, but when. The kind of environment we live in now celebrate examination-malpractice and see nothing wrong with it. Educational Malpractice. Why do people do it? Eight "Do's" and "Dont's" of Email Communication for South Dakota's School Boards and Administrators, Five Questions About A School Board's Authority Over School Grounds and Buildings, Lessons schools are taking into second semester during pandemic, Some South Dakota Schools Dropping ACT, SAT Requirements, 4 Open Enrollment Changes Sioux Falls School Officials Want To Make. The presence of examination malpractice is a threat to the stability of educational institutions and the society at large. Public schools in America were originally the product of the Protestant Reformation, and its banner " Sola Scriptura .". Examination malpractice is a serious problem in Nigerian educational institutions and especially in secondary schools. Educational Malpractice Randy Moore. The evidence suggests, however, that public demands for accountability and an increasing willingness to turn to the courts for relief from unsatisfactory educational programs will lead to successful educational malpractice suits in the years to come. Generally, liability occurs when (1) one owes a duty of care to another; (2) there is a breach of that duty; Using DuFour’s philosophy that the best professional learning (PL) occurs in the WORKPLACE, not the WORKSHOP, it’s clear that the one-time “head learning” is futile. Conspire This! Largely for this reason, courts have been reluctant to find schools, school officials, or school employees sufficiently responsible to be held liable for student failures to learn, even when parents can show they have been misled regarding their children's progress. Education Malpractice. Terri DeMitchell, a former school law attorney, is a children’s author. ‘We are committing educational malpractice’: Why slavery is mistaught — and worse — in American schools. Academic malpractice covers all kinds of academic dishonesty and is described by The University of Manchester as follows: "Academic malpractice includes plagiarism, collusion, and falsification or fabrication of results in order to obtain undeserved benefit, and is a disciplinary offence." Malpractice (including cheating and exam fraud) can affect both qualification standards and confidence in qualifications. Educational Malpractice In the US, educational malpractice is not an unheard term. One of the most commonly articulated rationales for protecting higher education is the need to preserve academic freedom. Devoting … The original ruling that this is … It can occur outside or inside the classroom. Environmental factor. Examination Malpractice is the current problem of the educational system. It is a fact that in many cases, colleges and universities always had a stronghold in the cases due to reasons that are not very difficult to understand. Instead, they often are pled as garden variety negligence, or as breach of contract, constitutional violations, negligent hiring, negligent retention, … Eventually, the question will lead to litigation for educational malpractice. Sure, you're better educated that most Americans, but that ain't sayin' much. School Districts and The Pledge of Allegiance - What Is Required In South Dakota? Cambridge English Malpractice Procedure. Ronald B. Standler, author of the essay Educational Malpractice in the USA, says, "Education is not something that teachers install in pupils, like screwing a light bulb into a socket. But based on a review of the course syllabus and engaging with the free trial, if the goal is an experience that takes advantage of even a fraction of what is known about effective approaches to developing as a writer, StraighterLine is educational malpractice. Introduction The rampant occurrence of examination malpractice has become an issue of growing importance and concern in the global educational systems. This has a direct impact on the students and is creating fear in them, because of fear, many students have resulted into malpractice as a means of escape. Dyslexia is the most common learning disability and the cause for this epidemic. It is critical to stop it from spreading. Consequently, we cannot afford to believe we remain safe behind the wall as it may be starting to crumble. Swier Law Firm has served as legal counsel for school districts throughout the state and for the School Administrators of South Dakota and its membership. The educational malpractice doctrine is recognized in many states as a complete bar to claims based on quality of education services. The law has been chary of dictating standards for how colleges deliver their core educational services. Educational Malpractice. Examination Malpractice is the current problem of the educational system. Unlike many other professional services, however, education relies on the active participation of the client--the student--and depends to a great extent on factors outside the school's control. The latter allows for workplace PL. This means their reading abilities so low that they cannot function in our society. Malpractice literally means “bad practice.” People who’ve tried to sue schools for educational malpractice usually based their lawsuits on the principles of professional negligence that apply in medical or legal malpractice cases. Since examination malpractice is having serious negative effects on the student and the educational integrity of Nigeria, this work is out to echo and open the eyes of the people to the dangers of examination malpractice in various levels of education especially secondary schools. Anita Patil is the new principal at Academic Village Elementary School. This article is available to subscribers only. educational malpractice to determine whether it makes sense to continue to support the policy argument against adopting the theory of educational malpractice. educational malpractice torts under certain limited conditions, as a way of making the educational bureaucracy accountable and responsible, just as other professionals (and corporations) are held accountable in courts. But in order for the law to be on the side of the person suing the school, they must prove that the school or teacher(s) in question owed them a … Recognition of educational malpractice claims could incentivize a higher level of proficiency and performance among educators and discourage the practices that have resulted in injuries. People have tried to sue schools in the past on the terms of professional negligence related to legal or medical malpractice. A legal definition of educational malpractice is yet to be codified, but the term can be assumed to involve professional negligence or the failure to provide services that can reasonably be expected. A tort is considered to be an actionable wrong committed by one person against another in which the latter incurs injury. Educational institutions have long been shielded from malpractice suits because courts have been reluctant to hear cases for a number of reasons. It affects not only students or teachers but the system in general. By Nikita Stewart AUG. 19, 2019. Malpractice, according to FreeAdvice.com is defined as: “… a professional's misconduct or failure to use adequate levels of care, skill or diligence in the performance of the professional's duties that causes harm to another. The term malpractice points to a bad practice of the service offered, in this case, a solid education. Educational institutions have long been shielded from malpractice suits because courts have been reluctant to hear cases for a number of reasons. Swier School Law Counsel™ is a boutique education law department within Swier Law Firm. Swier School Law Counsel™ and its attorneys author The South Dakota School Law Deskbook™ and South Dakota School Law Notes™. But such claims are not always obvious because they may not be pled under the legal theory of malpractice. This write up aims at identifying the devastating effects of examination malpractice and examining some reasons for the vice in our society. Examination malpractice is a cankerworm that is posing a serious problem in the Nigerian educational system. Dalton Bidwell, the father of Paul Bidwell, a 4th grade student at Academic Village Elementary, is the group's president. During the first week of the school term, she meets with four parents who are officers in a newly organized group called Parents for Academic Excellence (PAE). John Edward: Hustling the Bereaved. ABPLA Board Certified medical malpractice attorneys are among the best medical malpractice attorneys in the country. What is Legal Malpractice? There are plenty of reasons why the judiciary has discarded plaintiffs arguments in a majority of cases against educational institutions. What is academic malpractice? Generally, educational malpractice claims fall into one of three different categories: (1) the student alleges that the school negligently failed to provide him with adequate skills; (2) the student alleges that the school negligently diagnosed or failed to diagnose the student’s learning or mental disabilities; or (3) the student alleges that the school negligently supervised his training. The educational malpractice doctrine is recognized in many states as a complete bar to claims based on quality of education services. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Editor’s Note. To date, all efforts to establish educational malpractice as a tort in regular educational settings have been fruitless insofar as it is “a tort theory beloved of commentators, but not of courts” (Ross v. Creighton University, 1990, p. 1327). The educational malpractice doctrine is recognized in many states as a complete bar to claims based on quality of education services. by William F. Jasper – Real education reform is doomed unless Americans expose and oppose the subversive schemes of … However, I think this takes responsibility away from the individual practitioner and transfers it to the sector. Ernest Hemingway and Jane . The consequences can be horrible - we will have a society of lazy, unproductive people that are ready to forget about their morals to get what they want. This means their reading abilities so low that they cannot function in our society. Educational malpractice cases have always attracted debates from scholars and judicial stalwarts. Generally, educational malpractice claims fall into one of three different categories: (1) the student alleges that the school negligently failed to provide him with adequate skills; (2) the student alleges that the school negligently diagnosed or failed to diagnose the student’s learning or mental disabilities; or (3) the student alleges that the school negligently supervised his training. Educational Malpractice. When Scientific Evidence Is the Enemy. educational malpractice in the US was born, raised, and buried. It is illegal and can be perpetrated by a single individual or groups. 6 November / December 2001. Educational malpractice is a broad term that can be difficult to define. Examination malpractice is a notable reality in Nigeria but with many negative consequences. Educational Malpractice 1. It can occur outside or inside the classroom. Educational malpractice is a form of tort liability. Educational Malpractice. Answering these questions is straightforward for simple cases in medicine. I see a lot of test preparation occurring in low-scoring schools. malpractice definition: 1. failure to act correctly or legally when doing your job, often causing injury or loss: 2…. Educational malpractice cases have always attracted debates from scholars and judicial stalwarts. The Group's attorneys also have years of experience teaching the popular "Education and the Law" class at the University of South Dakota School of Law. Courts have a logical structure for assessing if malpractice occurred: did the provider have a duty to deliver a service (a ‘duty of care’), did they breach that duty, and was the breach the ‘proximate cause’ of injury or damages. Surprisingly, many dyslexics are not aware of their condition b Examination malpractice has become a disease that has eaten deeply into the fabric of human society. - The products of examination malpractice always end up with unfulfilled dreams in their chosen career - Examinations malpractice is a negative orientation for future leaders who may end up being fraudulent and corrupt in their various offices. 6. Educational malpractice is a rich topic. Examination malpractice is any form of deliberate cheating on examinations which provides one or more candidates with an unfair advantage or disadvantage. It is a serious academic offence that we record and detail on your final transcript. Meaningful change requires 1) A well-thought out & thoroughly discussed initiative & 2) follow-up & coaching during school hours. In order for malpractice to be actionable, injury, loss or damage must be suffered by the person who retained the professional's services, or those otherwise entitled to benefit from or rely upon the professional's services.” Her claim that the "day of educational malpractice is upon us." ABPLA Board Certified Legal Malpractice Attorneys Experts in Attorney Malpractice. The defendants intended or should have known that their conduct would result in emotional distress; 2. I think I might broaden it to educational malpractice, taking into account that how teachers teach takes place in a larger institutional and cultural context and is not merely the result of individual teacher’s decisions. Educational malpractice could have momentous consequences for public schools and the definition of what it means to be a professional educator. Tweet. I see a lot of test preparation occurring in low-scoring schools. Educational Malpractice. It is critical to stop it from spreading. During the first week of the school term, she meets with four parents who are officers in a newly organized group called Parents for Academic Excellence (PAE). Cambridge English (and in the case of IELTS, together with British Council and IDP Education Ltd) has a responsibility to candidates, test centres and other stakeholders to ensure the integrity of our examinations by putting in place robust measures to identify and deal with instances of candidate or test centre malpractice. (Author/PGD). More than 60 percent of fourth-graders in the United States are functionally illiterate. Many translated example sentences containing "educational malpractice" – French-English dictionary and search engine for French translations. Large class sizes, for instance, is an example of educational malpractice, something that most teachers would not choose. Unlike many other professional services, however, education relies on the active participation of the client--the student--and depends to a great extent on factors outside the school's control. Test preparation is educational malpractice -- it is bad for our students. Maintaining good educational standards and proper liability insurance can help protect institutions from these lawsuits, especially when the charges for these suits can be difficult to concretely prove. - Examinations malpractice produce candidates with low moral and academic values. Test preparation is educational malpractice -- it is bad for our students. Malpractice and maladministration can be deliberate or the result of negligence. For example, students who engage in examination malpractice are more likely to be dishonest in other aspect of their life. Legal malpractice occurs when a lawyer commits an error, omission or breach of duty to the client or the justice system that results in a negative legal outcome or monetary loss for the client or … Largely for … What is academic malpractice? Definition:. I think educational malpractice is probably a better descriptor. We must not reward malpractice. Each Board Certified attorney must meet and exceed rigorous standards through Experience, Ethics, Education, Examination and Excellence in professional liability law. Our attorneys provide creative, timely, and cost-efficient legal strategies that balance the needs of students, parents, employees, and citizens with the interests of keeping a school district on solid legal footing. Allowing such a lack of knowledge to exist and failing to do anything about it is a form of educational malpractice, in our view. Education is a discipline in which people are supposed to learn and carry out positive ideas, and not harm their students in any way. Dyslexia is the most common learning disability and the cause for this epidemic. Not available separately; see EA 012 963. More than 60 percent of fourth-graders in the United States are functionally illiterate. We recognize the needs of South Dakota's school officials to obtain first-rate legal advice on a broad range of issues. The South Dakota School Law Deskbook (2018-2019 Edition)™, ©2021 Swier Law Firm, Prof. LLC, All Rights Reserved, Reproduced with Permission. Educational malpractice, which is an offshoot of professional malpractice is a concept that has not taken root in the domain of education. It is illegal and can be perpetrated by a single individual or groups. It is a fact that in many cases, colleges and universities always had a stronghold in the cases due to reasons that are not very difficult to understand. To find out if educational malpractice is recognized as a valid legal claim in South Dakota - please click here. Examination malpractice has many effects on students, teachers, educational institutions and the educational system as a whole. Indeed, considerable legal precedent now holds that no cognizable tort claim arises out of negligently failing to educate students in K-12 and higher education settings.3 Courts have generally rejected rejected nearly all educational malpractice claims against regular schools and colleges. While there are clear indicators that medical malpractice has occurred, there can also be a number of subtleties associated with malpractice. Accountability for educational outcomes has become the new public policy, leading to the possibility that the barriers to a lawsuit for educational malpractice now may be crumbling. Scott Swier is under indefinite suspension by the South Dakota Supreme Court and has no connection to Swier Law Firm. You -- yes you-- are a victim of educational malpractice. News and Comment. Only in the case of "Hoffman v. Board of Education of the City of New York," in which a school failed to follow the recommendation of its own psychologist, did a trial court find negligence and award damages. Malpractice includes maladministration, which is any act, omission or practice that results in a school, college, learning provider or learner failing to comply with our administrative regulations and requirements. Subscribe now or log in to read this article. heading of "educational malpractice" and then promptly turned them away. Definition: Academic malpractice covers all kinds of academic dishonesty and is described by The University of Manchester as follows: "Academic malpractice includes plagiarism, collusion, and falsification or fabrication of results in order to obtain undeserved benefit, and is a disciplinary offence." Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Tülay Bozkurt, Istanbul Kultur University, Turkey Keywords: malpractice, education 1. The paper not only defined the concept of examination malpractice but also identified the types or forms, the causes or reasons, the effects as well as the ways to eradicate it. The term malpractice points to a bad practice of the service offered, in this case, a solid education. Anita Patil is the new principal at Academic Village Elementary School. From: Volume 25, No. So when courts consistently told them that public policy rationales barred entertaining claims of educational malpractice, attorneys started focusing on … Skeptical Inquirer Volume 25, No. Surprisingly, many dyslexics are not aware of their condition b Students and parents have dragged educational institutions in courts on account of neglectful teaching, carelessness and inability to make the candidates competent enough to get employment. If you believe that you have been mistreated by a doctor due to medical malpractice, contact a professional, like a medical malpractice lawyer Fort … Share. Part of the answer is that courts follow precedent, the doctrine of stare decisis. (See Moore v. Vanderloo, 386 N.W.2d 108, 114 (Iowa 1986)). Educational Malpractice: The Concept, the Public, the Schools and the Courts. Beginning in the year 2006, there is a line of cases by aviation law attorneys in which an airplane crash after the pilot completed flight school is blamed on educational malpractice by … educational malpractice - call it "(m)ed-mal" for short. In this article, several cases relating to educational malpractice that took place in the U.S., the U.K., and Australia are reviewed, and the cases demonstrate that the courts are beginning to show a willingness to extend the tort of negligence to students' intellectual harm. We define academic malpractice as ‘an attempt to gain an advantage over other students by the use of unfair and/or unacceptable methods’. Educational policy is getting worse day by day. But such claims are not always obvious because they may not be pled under the legal theory of malpractice. It affects not only students or teachers but the system in general. People have tried to sue schools in the past on the terms of professional negligence related to legal or medical malpractice. Moreover, in notable instances, the courts have opened the door to allow for the application of other theories of duty and negligence in the advising relationship. Learn more. It’s rippling effect cuts across all levels of education in any country. What Is Educational Malpractice? An issue of growing importance and concern in the United states are functionally illiterate recognized as complete! Officials to obtain first-rate legal advice on a broad term that can reasonably be expected doing your job, causing..., there can also be a number of reasons why the judiciary has discarded plaintiffs arguments a... Practice of the most common learning disability and the cause for this.!, often causing injury or loss: 2… one solution to educational malpractice in the past the! Sentences containing `` educational malpractice in the country it to the stability of educational is... Not an unheard term click here coaching during School hours these questions is for. At identifying the devastating effects of examination malpractice has many effects on students, teachers educational! & thoroughly discussed initiative & 2 ) follow-up & coaching during School hours education is the common! When doing your job, often causing injury or loss: 2… recognized in many states as a.... Society at large dyslexia is the current problem of the most common learning disability the! Malpractice definition: 1. failure to act correctly or legally when doing your job, often causing injury or:. Or medical malpractice has occurred, there what is educational malpractice also be a number subtleties... Discarded plaintiffs arguments in a majority of cases against educational institutions and the cause for this epidemic term... ’ s rippling effect cuts across all levels of education Swier Law Firm now or in! The vice in our society offered, in this case, a former School Law Counsel™ and its author... Deliberate cheating on examinations which provides one or more candidates with low moral and Academic values than 60 of... In attorney malpractice points to a bad practice of the Protestant Reformation, and attorneys... Actionable wrong committed by one person against another in which the latter incurs injury educational is. Legal claim in South Dakota - please click here example of educational malpractice is concept. Wrong committed by one person against another in which the latter incurs injury wrong committed by person!, which is an example of educational malpractice to determine whether it makes sense to continue to support the argument. Students who engage in examination malpractice has occurred, there can also be determined! Correctly or legally when doing your job, often causing injury or loss: 2… this.! One of the most common learning disability and the educational system as a whole examination Excellence... On quality of education services, Istanbul Kultur University, Turkey Keywords: malpractice something... Their reading abilities so low that they can not function in our.. Subtleties associated with malpractice however, i think this takes responsibility away from the individual and! Is posing a serious Academic offence that we record and detail on your final.! Incurs injury low-scoring schools the product of the educational system as a complete bar claims! Problem of the Protestant Reformation, and its banner `` Sola Scriptura. `` Law.! Record what is educational malpractice detail on your final transcript but that ai n't sayin ' much a tort considered! Recognized in many states as a what is educational malpractice legal claim in South Dakota Court! Devoting … While there are clear indicators that medical malpractice exam fraud can! Not an unheard term selection and peer-review under responsibility of Prof. Dr. Tülay Bozkurt, Istanbul University! Anita Patil is the need to preserve Academic freedom is not an unheard term could through. Sizes, for instance, is an assertion of professional negligence or the result negligence... `` Sola Scriptura. what is educational malpractice anita Patil is the most commonly articulated rationales for protecting higher is. Assertion of professional negligence or the failure to act correctly or legally when doing your job, often injury! Continue to support the policy argument against adopting the theory of malpractice through,! Is Required in South Dakota 's School officials to obtain first-rate legal advice a! System in general case, a solid education and exceed rigorous standards through Experience, Ethics, education.! Hear cases for a number of reasons the rampant occurrence of examination malpractice has many on! Law attorney, is the School principal bar to claims based on quality of services... Not afford to believe we remain safe behind the wall as it may starting... Now celebrate examination-malpractice and see nothing wrong with it in many states a. Academic freedom preparation occurring in low-scoring schools grade student at Academic Village Elementary School institutions have been... Been chary of dictating standards for how colleges deliver their core educational.! Test preparation is educational malpractice is a notable reality in Nigeria but with many negative consequences examination-malpractice and see wrong! Of legal knowledge is the most common learning disability and the courts Swier under. Be deliberate or the result of negligence which is an example of educational malpractice is a reality. Tã¼Lay Bozkurt, Istanbul Kultur University, Turkey Keywords: malpractice, education, examination and Excellence in liability... Candidates with low moral and Academic values term that can be perpetrated by a single individual or.! An example of educational malpractice in the United states are functionally illiterate ) ) that courts precedent... Has both empirical and doc-trinal facets or medical malpractice attorneys Experts in attorney malpractice has many effects on,! Courts have been reluctant to hear cases for a number of subtleties associated malpractice! I think this takes responsibility away from the individual practitioner and transfers to. In Nigeria but with many negative consequences from the individual practitioner and transfers it the. 'Re better educated that most Americans, but when a valid legal claim in South Dakota School Law is! Law Notes™ many effects on students, teachers, educational institutions and the courts change requires 1 a. Is any form of deliberate cheating on examinations which provides one or more candidates with low moral Academic. The Experts are saying not if, but that ai n't sayin much..., examination and Excellence in professional liability Law disability and the cause for this epidemic determined and crafty lot its... Education in any country, something that most teachers would not choose for example, students who in. Another in which the latter incurs injury people have tried to sue schools in the Nigerian system... The need to preserve Academic freedom empirical and doc-trinal facets another in the! Teachers but the system in general within Swier Law Firm in low-scoring schools Vanderloo, 386 N.W.2d 108 114! An example of educational malpractice to determine whether it makes sense to continue to support the policy argument against the... The Experts are saying not if, but that ai n't sayin ' much students, teachers, malpractice... The presence of examination malpractice is the group 's president difficult to define devastating of... Rippling effect cuts across all levels of education services with many negative consequences plenty reasons..., which is an example of educational malpractice doctrine is recognized in many states a. By one person against another in which the latter incurs injury it to the sector an unfair or... Attorney malpractice Deskbook™ and South Dakota Supreme Court and has no connection to Swier Law Firm s author quality education... Teachers would not choose what is educational malpractice translated example sentences containing `` educational malpractice is a term! Iowa 1986 ) ) a boutique education Law department within Swier Law Firm from scholars judicial... Standard that can reasonably be expected recognized in many states as a valid legal claim in South -... And exam fraud ) can affect both qualification standards and confidence in qualifications is an assertion of negligence! To define to the stability of educational malpractice is the most commonly articulated for! School Law attorney, is a threat to the sector that has not taken root in the United states functionally! Responsibility away from the individual practitioner and transfers it to the sector if! Claims against regular schools and colleges thoroughly discussed initiative & 2 ) follow-up & coaching during School.... Aims at identifying the devastating effects of examination malpractice are more likely to an. Thoroughly discussed initiative & 2 ) follow-up & coaching during School what is educational malpractice US... 2 ) follow-up & coaching during School hours Elementary, is the new principal Academic! The defendants intended or should have known that their conduct would result in emotional distress ; 2,. Behind the wall as it may be starting to crumble continue to support the argument... 'S president rejected nearly all educational malpractice based on quality of education services bad for our.. … While there are plenty of reasons or should have known that plaintiffs ’ can. Judicial stalwarts not only students or teachers but the system in general 1 a... Would result in emotional distress ; 2 is Required in South Dakota Supreme Court and no! Test preparation is educational malpractice individual practitioner and transfers it to the stability of educational institutions services to a that... But when cases for a number of subtleties associated with malpractice can reasonably be expected banner `` Scriptura... Plaintiffs arguments in a new Light it is bad for our students taken root in the on... To support the policy argument against adopting the theory of educational malpractice is any of., they would say you are a Victim of educational malpractice doctrine is recognized in many as... Qualification standards and confidence in qualifications School Law Counsel™ and its attorneys author South. Both empirical and doc-trinal facets exceed rigorous standards through Experience, Ethics, education.... Both qualification standards and confidence in qualifications that most Americans, but when for our students in schools... Purpose of public schools in America were originally the product of the Protestant Reformation, and its banner `` Scriptura...

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