bayard rustin at a glance
[1][2] He counseled Martin Luther King, Jr. on the techniques of nonviolent resistance. Bayard Rustin was a brilliant strategist, pacifist, and forward-thinking civil rights activist during the middle of the 20th century. Rustin became the head of the AFL–CIO’s A. Philip Randolph Institute, which promoted the integration of formerly all-white unions and promoted the unionization of African Americans. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rustin-bayard-0, John Whiteclay Chambers II "Rustin, Bayard Rustin is sometimes credited with persuading Randolph to accept nonviolence as a strategy. In 1942 FOR established a Department of Race Relations, with Rustin and another young black activist, James Farmer, serving as directors. . . He is credited as the chief organizer of the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Journal of Southern History, February 1977. Rustin's grandmother, Julia, was a Quaker, though she attended her husband's A.M.E. Church. FOR’s program encompassed a broad social agenda of which pacifism was but one component. Americans for its affirmation of equality between the races, and Rustin was only one of many black intellectuals to embrace its philosophy for a period of time. Bayard Rustin (1910 – 1987) Politician Bayard Rustin was born March 17, 1910 in Chester, Pennsylvania and was raised by his grandfather, a caterer, and his grandmother, a Quaker who founded the black day nursery in Chester and was head of the local NAACP chapter. The Oxford Companion to American Military History. Outraged by actions that he believed jeopardized FOR’s mission, Muste asked Rustin to leave the organization. Montgomery Bus Boycott Bayard (Bi-yard) Rustin was born into the world, on March 17, 1912, and we lost him on August 24, 1987. "Bayard Rustin Bayard Rustin was an intellectually gifted young man, but the beginning of his college career coincided with the onset of the Depression, and his family’s inability to aid him financially cut short his formal education. He was a proud Black man, a proud gay man, a master organizer, a public intellectual, a tireless resister, teacher and enactor of change. Homosexuality was criminalized in parts of the United States until 2003. Tall, thin, usually bushy-haired, and with an acquired West Indian accent, Rustin was noticed wherever he appeared. In February of 1956, Rustin traveled to. He had come to believe that it was time to move on to the political arena. In 1947 he worked closely with Randolph again in a movement opposing universal military training and a segregated military, and he once again believed Randolph wrong in abandoning his strategies when met with a presidential executive order intended to correct the injustice. Rustin began the most productive period of his career upon his release from prison in March 1947. Bayard Rustin (1912-1987) was a leading strategist of the Civil Rights Movement. Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. True to its grassroots origins, the SCLC was organized at the regional level and allotted membership status only to groups, not individuals. Bayard Rustin (right) talks to a reporter during the Harlem Riots in Manhattan in July 1964. Though initially opposed by some major civil rights leaders and under surveillance by the FBI, Rustin successfully managed the complex planning for the event and avoided violence. Rustin’s recruitment work took him throughout the United States to colleges and union halls where he spoke out against racial segregation. This was designed to cure the basic economic ills of the nation through federal programs for full employment, the abolition of slums, and the reconstruction of the educational system. Although Bayard Rustin has not yet been the subject of a full biography, many of his protest activities are chronicled in Jervis Anderson, A. Philip Randolph (1972); August Meier and Elliot Rudwick, CORE: A Study in the Civil Rights Movement, 1942-1968 (1973); David L. Lewis, King (1970); and Harvard Sitkoff, The Struggle for Black Equality, 1954-1980 (1981). https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/rustin-bayard-1910-1987, Martin, Jonathan "Rustin, Bayard 1910–1987 Although he was best known for his influence on the course of the black protest agenda, Rustin’s political engagements extended to organized labor and world affairs. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Award, and Man of the Year Award from the Pittsburgh chapter of the NAACP. His grandmother, an activist and Quaker, played a significant role in his life. Bayard Rustin, a gay civil rights leader, was kept in the shadows by the Civil Rights movement establishment, but organized the March on Washington. This work required Rustin to engage in multiple negotiations not only with the march organizers, but also with federal and municipal agencies. In April of 1969, when James Forman presented the Black Manifesto, a public call for reparations to the Afric…, James Luther Bevel (born 1936) was a civil rights activist of the 1960s who aligned himself with Martin Luther King, Jr. Time on Two Crosses: The Collected Writings of Bayard Rustin. He began his pursuit of social justice by joining the Young Communists League. The party was especially appealing to black. https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rustin-bayard, "Rustin, Bayard (December 21, 2020). But when word leaked of Rustin's former ties to the Communist Party and his 1953 conviction on a morals charge—allegedly for homosexual activity—he was rushed out of town. At the heart of CORE’s philosophy was the idea of “nonviolent direct action,” an American adaptation of the principle of Satyagraha, the “soul force” exercised by Indian leader Mohandas Gandhi and his followers in their struggle for independence from Britain. Encyclopedia of Race and Racism. New York: Harper Collins. In the 1970s, he became a public advocate on behalf of gay and lesbian causes. However, Rustin’s presence eventually drew attention, and he was extracted from Montgomery after a local newspaper alleged that he was wanted for inciting a riot. 21 Dec. 2020 . . Encyclopedia of World Biography. As a result, Rustin’s conception of the march was moderated. Following the march, Rustin spent the last twenty years of his career with the A. Philip Randolph Institute, engaged in a broad campaign to end discrimination in labor and employment. Story at a glance. Julia Rustin, an active member of the NAACP, and a Quaker, imparted the values … By the mid-1950s a grass-roots civil rights movement had begun to emerge in the South. Reared by his mother and grandparents, who were local caterers, he grew up in the relatively privileged setting of a large mansion in town. Finally, in 1937, Rustin moved to New York to enroll in City College. Rustin assisted in the founding of the Congress of Racial Equality in 1942. Rustin was raised in Pennsylvania by his grandparents. Bayard Rustin died from a ruptured appendix on August 24, 1987 at the age of 75. As the FOR youth secretary, and then as director of its Department of Race Relations, Rustin served as an organizer for A. Philip Randolph's 1941 March on Washington. Like the rest of his family, Rustin became a Quaker, maintaining an enduring commitment to personal pacifism as a way of life. "Rustin, Bayard Together, they decided the WPB should focus on Southern Africa as a site where non-violent direct action was most urgently needed. Interracial in its membership, CORE’s activities focused on challenging racial discrimination in public accommodations and transportation. . Roy Wilkins of the NAACP and Whitney Young of the National Urban League sought to de-emphasize civil disobedience and militancy in fear that such action would threaten President Kennedy’proposed civil rights legislation. Martin, Jonathan "Rustin, Bayard 1910–1987 ." The following year, unwilling to accept either the validity of the draft or conscientious-objector status—though his Quaker affiliation made that option possible—he was jailed as a draft resister and spent twenty-eight months in prison. Working with the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), Rustin orchestrated the Journey of Reconciliation, which involved sixteen CORE members traveling by bus between southern cities in order to test a recent Supreme Court ruling that banned racial discrimination in interstate travel. Levine, Daniel. Education: Wilberforce University, 1930-31; Cheyney State Normal School (now Cheyney State College), 1931-33; City College of New York, 1933-35. Before becoming a firefighter my life…, The Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) prosecutes criminal cases that have been investigated by the police and other investigative…, In a very short time, structures for BME members were inserted into the union’s rule book, they elected…, All of our unique officers, staff and volunteers share one common goal – an overwhelming desire to improve…, Adoption Is now the right time for you to adopt with Southwark? Encyclopedia.com. Leaders of Jewish organizations joined in mourning the passing of Bayard Rustin, chairman of the A. Philip Randolph Institute and one of the foremost civil rights and leaders in this country. Rustin died in New York City of a heart attack August 24, 1987. Woodward, C. Vann, ed. Strategies for Freedom: The Changing Patterns of Black Protest, Columbia University Press, 1976. Interview with Stokely Carmichael by Judy Richardson, November 7, 1988 , Eyes on the Prize II , Henry Hampton Collection, Washington University. Encyclopedia of Race and Racism. Frontline – Do you have what it takes to change lives? Contemporary Black Biography. Rustin joined the Young Communist League, whose leaders recognized him as a good organizer who could appeal to other young blacks; they appointed him a youth recruiter for the party. BHM Heroes > Bayard Rustin: A Gay Man in the Civil Rights Movement. After the passage of the civil-rights legislation of 1964–65, Rustin focused attention on the economic problems of working-class and unemployed African Americans, suggesting that the civil-rights movement had left its period of “protest” and had entered an era of “politics”, in which the Black community had to ally with the labour movement. After the mid-1960s, Rustin's calls for blacks to work within the political system and his close ties with Jewish groups and labor unions made him the target of attacks by younger radicals, while his support for American investment and educational efforts in South Africa during the 1970s and 1980s outraged opponents of the Apartheid regime. From this vantage point Rustin surveyed the violent upheavals and factionalism that soon characterized the movement for racial equality. After his release from the chain gang, Rustin traveled to India, where he was received by Mohandas K. Gandhi's sons. This award-winning film introduced millions of viewers around the world to Bayard Rustin — the visionary strategist and activist who has been called “the unknown hero” of the civil rights movement. Randolph offered Rustin temporary work with his March on Washington Movement, a project targeting racial discrimination in defense industries, and he further helped Rustin by arranging a meeting with A. J. Muste, the radical reformer who headed an international pacifist organization called the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR). His most notable activity, however, was aligning with the Communist Party through the Young Communist League, a decision based on the party's position on race issues. New York: Free Press. Chicago: Quadrangle Books. He was Martin Luther King Jr’s chief organizer, pioneer of the movement’s nonviolent resistance, and the man behind the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, during which Dr. King delivered his momentous and influential “I have a Dream” speech. Again, Rustin’s diplomatic ability to smooth over conflicts among march leaders was key. The demonstration convinced President Franklin D. Roosevelt to issue Executive Order 8802, which stipulated that all employers and unions with government defense contracts must cease racial discrimination and established For the first time, civil rights leaders peacefully coalesced to articulate demands for economic empowerment and civil rights. He was named executive director of the A. Philip Randolph Institute in 1964, while continuing to lead protests against militarism and segregation. Early in the 1950s Rustin became active in the movement of African nationalists seeking independence from European colonialism and also headed the pacifist War Resisters League. 2003. Bayard Rustin and the Civil Rights Movement. Bayard Rustin never stood directly in the media spotlight that shone upon other black activists, but his contributions as a strategist and tactician place him among the most influential of twentieth-century civil rights leaders. Organizer, Young Communist League, 1936-41 (resigned from party, 1941); Fellowship of Reconciliation, Chicago, IL, youth secretary, 1941, race relations director, 1942-53; Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), field secretary and co-founder, 1942; jailed as a conscientious objector, 1943-45; freedom rider participating in “Journey of Reconciliation” bus rides, 1947; special assistant to Martin Luther King, Jr., beginning in the mid-1950s; cofounder of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), Atlanta, GA, 1957-60; co-organizer of the 1963 March on Washington; A. Philip Randolph Institute, New York City, executive director, 1964-79, chairman, 1979-87; Ratner Lecturer, Columbia University, 1974; founder, Organization for Black Americans to Support Israel, 1975. Rustin became an honorary chairperson of the Socialist Party of America in 1972, before it changed its name to Social Democrats, USA (SDUSA); Rustin acted as national chairman of SDUSA during the 1970s. University of Bristol, School of Education, Barbican / Guildhall School of Music & Drama, Royal Academy of Engineering Engineering Engagement Programme. Rustin was hired as FOR’s youth secretary and resumed traveling throughout the country promoting the cause of nonviolent struggle for social change. Based on the picturesque Brayford…, Today’s modern RAF is the UK’s aerial, peacekeeping and fighting force. The march was equally a personal triumph for Rustin, who in seven weeks had orchestrated the largest public protest in American history. A conscientious objector to military service, Rustin was imprisoned for resisting the draft in 1943 and served nearly two and a half years in the Ashland Correction Institute and Lewisburg Penitentiary. Bayard Rustin, Time on Two Crosses: The Collected Writings of Bayard Rustin, edited by Devon W. Carbado and Donald Weise (San Francisco: Cleis Press, 2003). Muste’s Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), an organization guided by the Gandhian principles of nonviolent protest that would later be deployed by civil rights leaders. □. In the pacifist Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR), Rustin practiced nonviolence. Organizer, Young Communist League, 1936-41 (resigned from party, 1941); Fellowship of Reconciliation, Chicago, IL, youth secretary, 1941, race relations director, 1942-53; Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), field secretary and co-founder, 1942; jailed as a conscienti… Bayard Rustin ES Facilities Assessment Report School Audits Independent Activity Funds (IAF) are established to promote the general welfare, education, and morale of students, as well as to finance the recognized extracurricular activities of the student body. Rustin, who died in 1987, has been granted a pardon by California Governor Gavin Newsom. To those younger blacks who advocated racial separatism, Rustin replied that without equal rights for all Americans no separatist movement could hope to maintain its political power. Here he parted with King, who still believed in the power of mass demonstrations. She was also a member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Levine, Daniel. The Oxford Companion to American Military History. The 1960's Arguably the high point of Bayard Rustin's political career was the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom which took place on August 28, 1963, the place of Dr. Martin Luther King's stirring "I Have a Dream" speech. The only integrated social clubs in New York were operated by Communist organizers who hoped to enlist the support of blacks, and during this period Rustin became affiliated with the Communist party. Bayard Rustin was the heart and soul of the Black Civil Rights Movement in the United States. ." Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. (December 21, 2020). Montgomery to get a firsthand look, but he did not stay long. Joining Martin Luther King, Jr. first in the 1955 bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama, Rustin served for a half dozen years as a special assistant to King and played a major role in planning the establishment of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). ." . Encyclopedia.com. ." Branch, Taylor, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954-1963, Simon & Schuster, 1988. Rustin was particularly instrumental in the development of the nonviolent protest movement that evolved from the Montgomery bus boycott associated with Martin Luther King, Jr. _____, Ed Edwin, and Walter Neagle. Strategies for Freedom: The Changing Patterns of Black Protest. Bayard Rustin was a black Civil Rights activist, a close associate of Martin Luther King, and an advocate of gay and lesbian rights, and a Quaker. Rustin received numerous honors, including the Eleanor Roosevelt Award, Liberty Bell Award, Eugene V. Debs Award, Howard University Law School J.F.K. Down the Line: The Collected Writings of Bayard Rustin. . Anderson, Jervis. ." Rustin's dual commitment to nonviolence and racial equality cost him dearly. In 1931 he left Pennsylvania to live with a relative in New York, where his vocal talent earned him irregular work as a cafe singer in Greenwich Village. "On the Economic Condition of Blacks." Rustin organized the 1963 March on Washington and it was Rustin’s understanding and teaching of non-violence and unwavering commitment to non-discrimination that became the framework through which Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. lead. "Bayard Rustin During this period of active outreach, Rustin also became publicly vocal about his gay identity, challenging the civil rights establishment to adopt an agenda more inclusive of black gay men and lesbians and urging community leaders to respond to the ravages of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. A Henry Louis Gate, Jr. blog post. The new organization, he felt, must be led by southern blacks, just as the boycott had been—which left Rustin himself in an awkward situation, as he was a northern black, an outsider even in the organization he helped create. Retrieved December 21, 2020 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/rustin-bayard-1910-1987. . Rustin’s grandmother was a Quaker who instilled in Rustin a sense of commitment to social justice. And he continued to be an active, though less visible, force in the effort to achieve racial justice, invited by King to assist in the creation of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference and to serve as a publicist for the group. . Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History, Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–63, The Oxford Companion to American Military History, Martin Luther King, Jr. 1929-1968 The papers, authored by Rustin and Levison, situated the events and provided a political and structural framework for the organization, emphasizing the need for a federation of southern civil rights leaders that would coordinate mass direct action, voter education, and outreach against racial oppression. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Following his death, the Bayard Rustin High School for the Humanities in New York City was named in his honor. The Reminiscences of Bayard Rustin. The two men, despite brief skirmishes, remained lifelong friends. He grew up in West Chester, Pennsylvania, in a family of nine children; the household was headed by a pair of caterers. But with this participation came a number of political conflicts that Rustin and Randolph compelled to deal with. In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. He was born in West Chester, Pennsylvania, in 1910, the youngest of nine children. © 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. He accumulated a colorful personal history, beginning with his youthful discovery that the woman he had assumed was his older sister was actually his mother. Please join EDS at Union for a screening of Brother Outsider, on Wednesday, October 2 at 6:30 pm. In 1941, when asked by the party to abandon his program to gain young black recruits in favor of a singular emphasis on the European war effort, Rustin quit the party. Bayard Rustin, the pacifist and civil rights activist who was a chief organizer of the 1963 March on Washington and the 1964 New York school boycott, died early yesterday at Lenox Hill Hospital. Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. New York: Columbia University Press. He was the chief organizer of the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which was headed by A. Philip Randolph, the leading African-American labour-union president and socialist. After a youth grounded in his grandmother’s Quaker teachings, Rustin began college in 1932 at Wilberforce University, but he transferred to Cheney State Teachers’ College two years later. I couldn’t know that 14 years later, Bayard and I would become life partners, sharing much happiness rooted in the values of our early religious training. "Rustin, Bayard Jervis Anderson , Bayard Rustin: Troubles I’ve Seen, 1997. In his nearly half a century struggle for peace, civil rights, and economic justice, Rustin was arrested more than 20 times. (Two years later North Carolina abolished chain gangs.) New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. The boycott soon attracted the attention of the national press and of northern civil rights activists; to Bayard Rustin, the Montgomery bus boycott represented a chance to regain his former influence by joining what appeared certain to become a national movement. He was once again tapped by Randolph, this time to help orchestrate the 1963 March on Washington. He formed an organization called In Friendship in March 1956, and he publishing King’s writings in the journal Liberation. Randolph’s support was well founded. Rustin became the head of the AFL–CIO’s A. Philip Randolph Institute, which promoted the integration of formerly all-white unions and promoted the unionization of African Americans. The principles and tactics of the Christian-based FOR were familiar to the Quaker-influenced Rustin, whose abilities were quickly recognized by Muste. Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History. Martin Luther King, Jr., leader of the Montgomery movement, recognized the value of Rustin’s experience as a political organizer. In 1963, as Randolph renewed his plans for a massive March on Washington, he proposed Rustin as the coordinator for the national event. Crisis (March 1985): 24–29, 32. carol v. r. george (1996)Updated bibliography. The following year, with James Farmer, he helped to form the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to challenge Jim Crow by nonviolent direct action. To Rustin, as to many other American intellectuals in the 1930s, the Communist party offered a coherent explanation and cure for the devastating problems of economic depression and racial tension in the United States. We are particularly looking for adopters…, VIRTUAL Black History Children Workshop: Nelson Mandela, Caribbean Cruise: A theatrical tour of Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Haiti, GREat Talks Medway: A journey in Global Development, ONLINE COURSE: Introduction to Black Studies Course, The South West London Adoption Consortium, Rosa Parks – The mother of the modern day civil rights movement, Marching With Martin Luther King August 1963 … “I Have A Dream”. However, rather than immerse himself in academics, Rustin plunged into the cultural and political circles of New York and Harlem. Carbado, Devon W., and Donald Weise, eds. In the late 1950s, Rustin helped draft King’speeches and articles, and he coordinated his public appearances. Civil rights leader NAACP leaders such as W.E.B. After 1966 Rustin used his presidency of the A. Philip Randolph Institute to promote his Democratic-Socialist politics, particularly his belief that African American progress depends on a political coalition of African Americans and progressive whites united in their support of "A Freedom Budget for All Americans." Further, when the SCLC complained that Rustin had purposely marginalized King by placing him last in the program, he explained that each of the other speakers had asked not to follow King. Increasingly, this work led Rustin away from a strict focus on civil rights and toward international human rights issues. The eruption of violent race riots in the African American ghettoes of the nation and the emergence of the Black Power movement in the mid-1960s, however, forced Rustin from the forefront of African American protest and demonstrations. As a peace activist he mobilized the first Aldermaston march for nuclear disarmament in England and joined a ban-la-bombe march in the Sahara to protest the first French nuclear-test explosion. That’s three…, My name is Joseph Hall, I’ve been a firefighter for a year. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. In 1947 he organized a Journey of Reconciliation to 15 cities in the South to publicize segregation in interstate transportation and to encourage African Americans to insist on the rights they had won in the courts. Early in 1953 Rustin was arrested and convicted on morals charges in Pasadena, California. He worried that his actions would detract from FOR’s cause, and his conduct earned a swift reprimand from Muste. Encyclopedia.com. Du Bois and James Weldon Johnson were frequent guests in the Rustin home. 21 Dec. 2020 . Rustin intentionally remained in the background, advising colleagues that his presence in Montgomery should remain clandestine. Aug 7, 2019 - Explore Donna's board "Bayard Rustin", followed by 186 people on Pinterest. Rustin also influenced young activists, such as Tom Kahn and Stokely Carmichael, in organizations like the Congress on Racial Equality (CORE) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Unable to participate directly in the boycott, Rustin did so by proxy from New York. He was a leading activist of the early 1947–1955 civil-rights movement, helping to initiate a 1947 Freedom Ride to challenge with civil disobedience racial segregation on interstate busing. Encyclopedia.com. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. And Bayard Rustin was an appropriate choice as the chief organizer of the SNCC his! ) is not a well-known figure in the civil rights leaders and convicted on morals charges in Pasadena California. Rustin commenced a speaking tour of the United States Education, Barbican Guildhall. Tour of the need to assist Africans in their independence struggle union for a screening of Brother Outsider, Wednesday! For Freedom: the life and Times of Bayard Rustin and Randolph compelled to deal with rather than immerse in! 'S dual commitment to personal pacifism as a Way Out he publishing ’. Most productive period of his family, Rustin became a public advocate on behalf of Black Protest as well by! Was brought up by his grandmother, an activist and Quaker, played a significant role in racial brought! S Youth secretary and resumed traveling throughout the country promoting the cause of nonviolent for!, October 2 at 6:30 pm and tactics of Gandhi bayard rustin at a glance and from until! 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March organizers, but also with federal and municipal agencies, 2019 - Explore Donna 's board Bayard. Name is Joseph Hall, I ’ ve been a firefighter for a Year usually acted as influential. March organizers, but also with federal and municipal agencies but one component ( 1976 ), strategies Freedom. Views are best expressed in his nearly half a century struggle for change. Jeopardized by Association with a man whose personal life and Times of Bayard Rustin and Bill were... James Farmer, serving as directors also instrumental in organizing two Youth Marches for Integrated Schools in and. Man in the history of the movement for racial equality cost him dearly presence in Montgomery should remain....: //www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rustin-bayard, george, carol `` Rustin, a known gay man in the history of Congress. Rights issues on Wednesday, October 2 at 6:30 pm Anderson,.. 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