pope sixtus iv successor

He served twice (1557–60) as inquisitor general in Venice, his severity there causing his recall. Pope Sixtus IV : biography 21 July 1414 – 12 August 1484 The English theologian John Bale attributed to Sixtus "the authorisation to practice sodomy during periods of warm weather" to the Cardinal of Santa Lucia.Giovanni Lydus, Analecta in librum Nicolai de Clemangiis, De corrupto Ecclesiae statu. In 1476, he issued the apostolic constitution Cum Praeexcelsa, establishing a Mass and Office for the feast. Sixtus V created 33 cardinals in eight consistories during his reign, which included his grandnephew Alessandro Peretti di Montalto and his future successor Ippolito Aldobrandini who would later become Pope Clement VIII. Pope. Originally known as the Cappella Magna ('Great Chapel'), the chapel takes its name from Pope Sixtus IV, who restored it between 1477 and 1480. As a civic patron in Rome, even the anti-papal chronicler Stefano Infessura agreed that Sixtus should be admired. In November 1476, Isabel and Fernando ordered an investigation into rights of conquest in the Canary Islands, and in the spring of 1478, they sent Juan Rejon with sixty soldiers and thirty cavalry to the Grand Canary, where the natives retreated inland. On 1 November 1478, Sixtus published the papal bull Exigit Sincerae Devotionis Affectus through which the Spanish Inquisition was established in the Kingdom of Castile. His bronze funerary monument, now in the basement Treasury of St. Peter's Basilica, made like a giant casket of goldsmith's work, is by Antonio Pollaiuolo. [18] Arguably the "ideology of conquest" expounded in those texts became the means by which commerce and conversion were facilitated.[19]. Pope Sixtus is portrayed by James Faulkner in the historical fantasy Da Vinci's Demons as having an identical twin, Alessandro. 1. ^ Lauro Martines, April Blood: Florence and the Plot Against the Medici, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003, pp. He was noted for his nepotism and was personally involved in the infamous Pazzi conspiracy. The envoy of the Medici family summed up Sixtus' reign in the announcement to his master 'Today at 5 o'clock His Holiness Sixtus IV departed this life-may God forgive him!' Among the most important of these was that the university was officially given the same freedoms and privileges as the University of Bologna. Almqvist & Wiksell International (1976), Perie, The Triple Crown, Spring 1935 p.26, Minister General of the Order of Friars Minor, Butler, Richard Urban. [2], As a young man, Della Rovere joined the Franciscan Order, an unlikely choice for a political career, and his intellectual qualities were revealed while he was studying philosophy and theology at the University of Pavia. At the death of Sixtus IV, the conclave of cardinals that met to elect his … Pope Sixtus is portrayed by Raul Bova in the second season, and John Lynch in the third season of the TV series Medici: Masters of Florence. [2] Because of an intense dispute between the Colonna and Orsini, the city of Rome was marked by far more civil unrest during the sede vacante than was to be expected historically. Cardinal Medici was elected Pope on 25 December 1559. Pope Sixtus's tomb was destroyed in the Sack of Rome in 1527. Sixtus was expected to be a reformer, but he was too much embroiled in political difficulties. [7] He had Regiomontanus attempt the first sanctioned reorganisation of the Julian calendar and increased the size and prestige of the papal chapel choir, bringing singers and some prominent composers (Gaspar van Weerbeke, Marbrianus de Orto and Bertrandus Vaqueras) to Rome from the north. "Pope Sixtus IV." He was made general of his order, the Franciscans, in 1464 and became (1467) a cardinal. Sixtus VI was elected on 28 August 2007 in a Papal conclave, celebrated his Papal Inauguration Mass on 1 September 2007, and took possession of his cathedral, the Archbasilica of St John Lateran, on 7 May 2005. The conclave which assembled on the death of Paul II elected him pope, and he ascended the chair of St. Peter as Sixtus IV. "Conclave of August 26 - 29, 1484", Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church, The election of Pope Innocent VIII (1484), Adams, John Paul. Sixtus created an unusually large number of cardinals during his pontificate (23) who were drawn from the roster of the princely houses of Italy, France and Spain, thus ensuring that many of his policies continued after his death: Pope Sixtus is portrayed by Arthur Grosser in the short film Assassin's Creed: Lineage, a prequel to the video game Assassin's Creed II. Upon being elected Pope, Della Rovere adopted the name Sixtus, which had not been used since the 5th century. Becoming a Franciscan, he subsequently taught and was chosen minister general of his order in 1464. His accomplishments as pope included the construction of the Sistine Chapel and the creation of the Vatican Archives. [22] This act of Sixtus IV had a profound long-term effect on the society and culture of Sweden, an effect which continues up to the present. Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara, was allied with the Sforzas of Milan, the Medicis of Florence along with the King of Naples, normally a hereditary ally and champion of the papacy. [24]. [4] His reputation for piety was one of the deciding factors that prompted the College of Cardinals to elect him Pope upon the unexpected death of Paul II at the age of fifty-four.[5]. According to the later published chronicle of the Italian historian Stefano Infessura, Diary of the City of Rome, Sixtus was a "lover of boys and sodomites", awarding benefices and bishoprics in return for sexual favours and nominating a number of young men as cardinals, some of whom were celebrated for their good looks. [2] Cardinal Borja led the first faction and Cardinal della Rovere, the second; these factions were roughly aligned with the Orsini and Colonna families, respectively. The overall program of the panels, their beauty, complex symbolism, classical references and their relative arrangement are compelling and comprehensive illustrations of the Renaissance worldview. His accomplishments as pope included building the In the fresco by Melozzo da Forlì, he is accompanied by his Della Rovere and Riario nephews, not all of whom were made cardinals; the protonotary apostolic Pietro Riario (on his right), the future Pope Julius II/ Giuliano Della Rovere standing before him; and Girolamo Riario and Giovanni della Rovere, behind the kneeling Platina, author of the first humanist history of the popes. Sixtus founded the Spanish Inquisition through the bull Exigit sincerae devotionis affectus (1478), and he annulled the decrees of the Council of Constance. Sixtus IV sought to strengthen his position by surrounding himself with relatives and friends. Posthumous style. Before his papal election, Cardinal della Rovere was renowned for his unworldliness and had written learned treatises, including On the Blood of Christ and On the Power of God. However, after the conquest of Smyrna, the fleet disbanded. In order to prevent the selection of Cardinal Barbo, on the evening before the election, after the cardinals retired for the night, the Dean of the College of Cardinals, Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere, nephew of the late Pope, and Cardinal Borgia, the Vice-Chancellor, visited a number of cardinals and secured their votes with the promise of various benefices. Alexander VI, corrupt, wordly, and ambitious pope (1492–1503), whose neglect of the spiritual inheritance of the church contributed to the development of the Protestant Reformation. At the death of Sixtus IV, the conclave of cardinals that met to elect his successor numbered thirty-two cardinals. In 1467, he was appointed Cardinal by Pope Paul II with the titular church being the Basilica of San Pietro in Vincoli. [2], The conclave was carried out by the largest non-schismatic College since the eleventh century. In addition to being a patron of the arts, Sixtus was a patron of the sciences. Title of Ss. Successor: Innocent VIII. [3] For refusing to desist from the very hostilities that he himself had instigated and for being a dangerous rival to Della Rovere dynastic ambitions in the Marche, Sixtus placed Venice under interdict in 1483. Pope. Pope Sixtus IV died the following evening - 12 August. It was that access to corpses which allowed the anatomist Vesalius, along with Titian's pupil Jan Stephen van Calcar, to complete the revolutionary medical/anatomical text De humani corporis fabrica. [13] The English churchman and Protestant polemicist John Bale, writing a century later, attributed to Sixtus "the authorisation to practice sodomy during periods of warm weather" to the "Cardinal of Santa Lucia". In 1477, Sixtus IV issued a papal bull, authorizing the creation of Uppsala University - the first university in Sweden and in the whole of Scandinavia. The series implies that many of the more unsavoury parts of Sixtus' reign were really the work of his evil twin, who was out to gain power for himself. He was made general of his order, the Franciscans, in 1464 and became (1467) a cardinal. He went on to lecture at Padua and many other Italian universities. Sixtus IV: Successor: Alexander VI: Orders; Ordination: c. 1450: Consecration: 28 January 1467: Created cardinal: 7 May 1473 by Sixtus IV: Personal details; Birth name: Giovanni Battista Cybo (or Cibo) Born: 1432 Genoa, Republic of Genoa: Died: 25 July 1492 (aged 59–60) Rome, Papal States: Previous post He entered the Franciscan order in 1533 and was ordained at Siena, Republic of Florence, in 1547. Saint. [3], In 1464, Della Rovere was elected Minister General of the Franciscan order at the age of 50. In the context of the Counter-Reformation, this pope moderated the Inquisition in Italy. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti, This page was last edited on 1 October 2020, at 19:27. Sixtus IV (FRANCESCO DELLA ROVERE), POPE, b. near Abisola, July 21, 1414; d. August 12, 1484. The Pope grew weaker during the night of 11 August and he was unable to sleep. Sixtus IV later studied philosophy and theology at the University of Pavia, and lectured at Padua, Bologna, Pavia, Siena, and Florence. This included the right to establish the four traditional faculties of theology, law (Canon Law and Roman law), medicine, and philosophy, and to award the bachelor's, master's, licentiate, and doctoral degrees. His feast is celebrated on 6 April. Sixtus was expected to be a reformer, but he was too much embroiled in political difficulties. Pope Sixtus I (also known as Xystus) was the sixth successor to Saint Peter as the Bishop of Rome of the Catholic Church.He served from approximately 116-125 C.E. In his territorial aggrandizement of the Papal States, his niece's son Cardinal Raffaele Riario, for whom the Palazzo della Cancelleria was constructed, was suspected of colluding in the failed Pazzi conspiracy of 1478 to assassinate both Lorenzo de' Medici and his brother Giuliano and replace them in Florence with Sixtus IV's other nephew, Girolamo Riario. Around the sides are bas-relief panels depicting allegorical female figures representing Grammar, Rhetoric, Arithmetic, Geometry, Music, Painting, Astronomy, Philosophy and Theology—the classical liberal arts, with the addition of painting and theology. [3] That was a cornerstone of the privileges claimed for the Gallican Church and could never be shifted as long as Louis XI manoeuvred to replace King Ferdinand I of Naples with a French prince. [1], Francesco was born to a family of modest means from Liguria, Italy, the son of Leonardo della Rovere and Luchina Monleoni. A building for the Vatican Library was constructed. For the remainder of his pontificate, Sixtus turned to temporal issues and dynastic considerations. However, Pietro died prematurely in 1474, and his role passed to Giuliano Della Rovere. Among those to have been pope, Peter, Linus, and Clement I are specifically named in the New Testament. Each figure incorporates the oak tree ("rovere" in Italian), symbol of Sixtus IV. [16] Sixtus consented under political pressure from Ferdinand of Aragon,[16] who threatened to withhold military support from his kingdom of Sicily. He was made cardinal in 1467 by Pope Paul II, whom he succeeded on Aug. 9, 1471. Nereo ed Achilleo, archbishop of Conza, Title of S. Stefano al Monte Celio, bishop of Parma, Deacon of Ss. Uppsala's bull, which granted the university its corporate rights, established a number of provisions. Pietro became one of the richest men in Rome and was entrusted with Pope Sixtus' foreign policy. Louis was thus in conflict with the papacy, and Sixtus could not permit it. His parents were poor, and while still a child he was destined for the Franciscan Order.Later he studied philosophy and theology with great success at the University of Pavia, and lectured at Padua, Bologna, Pavia, Siena, and Florence, having amongst other eminent disciples the famous Cardinal Bessarion. Sixtus IV named seven new saints with the most notable being Bonaventure (1482); he also beatified one person: John Buoni (1483). In calce a: Nicolas de Clemanges, Opera omnia, […] The angered Italian princes allied to force Sixtus IV to make peace to his great annoyance. In ecclesiastical affairs, Sixtus promoted the dogma of the Immaculate Conception, which had been confirmed at the Council of Basle in 1439,[6] and he designated 8 December as its feastday. [23] At the beginning of his papacy, in 1471, Sixtus had donated several historically important Roman sculptures that founded a papal collection of art, which would eventually develop into the collections of the Capitoline Museums. All of that was done to facilitate the integration of the Vatican Hill and Borgo with the heart of Old Rome. [7] His nephew Pietro Riario also benefited from his nepotism. Sixtus IV, pope from 1471 to 1484 who effectively made the papacy an Italian principality. Sixtus V, pope from 1585 to 1590, who reformed the Curia. After the ceremonies of the election of Pope Innocent were completed, the cardinals were dismissed to their own homes, but Cardinal della Rovere accompanied the new Pope to … Sixtus II is referred to by name in the Roman Canon of the Mass. Pope Linus (/ ˈ l aɪ n ə s / (); died c. AD 76) was the second bishop of Rome.His pontificate endured from c. AD 67 to his death. Pope Sixtus I(42 – 124, 125, 126 or 128), a Roman of Greek descent,[1]was the Bishop of Romefrom c. 115 to his death c. He formally annulled the decrees of the Council of Constance in 1478. Sixtus IV replied with an interdict and two years of war with Florence. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. [2] However, the two factions of cardinals differed over whether the church ought to prioritize the continuation of the Italian League or should prioritize papal power (especially vis-a-vis Naples) over the preservation of the peace. His accomplishments as Pope included the establishment of the Sistine Chapel; the group of artists that he brought together introduced the Early Renaissance into Rome with the first masterpiece of the city's new artistic age, the Vatican Archives. Sixtus IV. Named bishop of Savona, Italy, in 1467 by Pope Paul II, he was made cardinal in 1473 by Pope Sixtus IV, whom he succeeded. During the reign of Pope Paul IV, Cardinal Medici was out of favor. The dedicatory inscription in the fresco by Melozzo da Forlì in the Vatican Palace records: "You gave your city temples, streets, squares, fortifications, bridges and restored the Acqua Vergine as far as the Trevi..." In addition to restoring the aqueduct that provided Rome an alternative to the river water, which had made the city famously unhealthy, he restored or rebuilt over 30 of Rome's dilapidated churches such as San Vitale (1475) and Santa Maria del Popolo, and he added seven new ones. "Variations of Popery", Samuel Edgar D.D. None of them actually states how he died. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals, Miranda, Salvador. The two papal bulls issued by Pope Nicholas V, Dum Diversas of 1452 and Romanus Pontifex of 1455, had effectively given the Portuguese the rights to acquire slaves along the African Coast by force or trade. He is known for beginning construction of the Sistine Chapel. He was born in Celle Ligure, a town near Savona. The 1484 papal conclave (August 26–29) elected Pope Innocent VIII after the death of Pope Sixtus IV. [25], "Francesco della Rovere" redirects here. 150–196. (sĭk`stəs), 1414–84, pope (1471–84), an Italian named Francesco della Rovere (b. near Savona); successor of Paul II. [17], As a temporal prince who constructed stout fortresses in the Papal States, he encouraged the Venetians to attack Ferrara, which he wished to obtain for another nephew. The envoy of the Medici family summed up Sixtus' reign in the announcement to his master 'Today at 5 o'clock His Holiness Sixtus IV departed this life-may God forgive him!' Internet Archive, Ebooks and Texts. Sixtus was expected to be a reformer, but he was too much embroiled in political difficulties. He is considered a Saint by the Catholic Church. Pope Pius V … Pope Sixtus IV died the following evening - 12 August. [10][11][12] However, Infessura had partisan allegiances to the Colonna and so is not considered to be always reliable or impartial. Pope Sixtus IV (Latin: Xystus Quartus; 21 July 1414 - 12 August 1484), originally Francesco della Rovere, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 213th Pope from 1471 until his death in 1484.. Today, his remains, along with the remains of his nephew Pope Julius II (Giuliano della Rovere), are interred in St. Peter's … Pope Sixtus's tomb was destroyed in the Sack of Rome in 1527. Sixtus was expected to be a reformer, but he … [2] As a result, nearly all of the non-Venetian cardinals supported the continuation of Sixtus IV's policies of isolation towards the Republic of Venice, specifically the Peace of Bagnolo. Sixtus IV became ill on 8 August 1484; this illness worsened on 10 August while the pope was attending an event in Rome. Neither a crusader nor In 1475 his successor Pope Sixtus IV founded the Palatine Library. This page was last edited on 29 November 2020, at 11:17. A patron of the arts, he brought together the group of artists who ushered the Early Renaissance into Rome with the first masterpieces of the city's new artistic age. His first thought was the prosecution of the war against the Turks , and legates were appointed for France , Spain , Germany , Hungary , and Poland , with the hope of enkindling enthusiasm in … He died a martyr. Sixtus IV (sĬk´stəs), 1414–84, pope (1471–84), an Italian named Francesco della Rovere (b. near Savona); successor of Paul II. The top of the casket is a lifelike depiction of the Pope lying in state. He also refounded, enriched and enlarged the Vatican Library. [2] He succeeded Pope Alexander Iand was in turn succeeded by Pope Telesphorus. A marble tombstone marks the site. Marcellino e Pietro, archbishop of Lisbon, Title of S. Crisogono, bishop of Recanati, 25 March 1471 (in pectore), 10 December1477, Title of S. Clemente, archbishop of Turin, Title of Ss. Sixtus IV (sĭk`stəs), 1414–84, pope (1471–84), an Italian named Francesco della Rovere (b. near Savona); successor of Paul II.He was made general of his order, the Franciscans, in 1464 and became (1467) a cardinal. Successor: Sixtus IV: Orders; Created cardinal: 1 July 1440 by Eugene IV: Personal details; Birth name: Pietro Barbo: Born: 23 February 1417 Venice, Republic of Venice: Died: 26 July 1471 (aged 54) Rome, Papal States: Previous post: Cardinal-Deacon of Santa Maria Nuova (1440–1451) Apostolic Administrator of Cervia (1440–1451) Sergio e Bacco, bishop of Agrigento. Vol. The election. He decreed that the people should chant with the priest during the Sanctus at the Holy Communion section of the Catholic Mass.. [20] The ecclesiastical penalties were directed towards those who were enslaving the recent converts.[21]. Linus is named in the valediction of the Second Epistle to Timothy as being with Paul the Apostle in Rome near the end of Paul's life. Innocent VIII, pope from 1484 to 1492. One of his first acts was to declare a renewed crusade against the Ottoman Turks in Smyrna. For the archbishop, see, Bishops consecrated by Pope Sixtus IV as principal consecrator, On his premature death (1501), Giovanni entrusted his son, Raiswell, p. 469 see also "Black Africans in Renaissance Europe", p. 281, Sued-Badillo (2007), see also O'Callaghan, p. 287-310, Sten Lindroth. He was born in a poor family, and when he was a child, he was destined for the Franciscan order. Morris, Roderick Conway. The Pope created 34 cardinals in eight consistories held during his reign, among them three nephews, one grandnephew and one other relative, thus continuing the practice of nepotism that he and his successors would engage in during this period. Shortly after the true Pope Sixtus, Francesco, was elected on conclave, Alessandro usurped the Holy See and had his brother locked up in Castel Sant'Angelo. [1], The immediate context of the election was the nearly unprecedented packing of the College of Cardinals by Sixtus IV, not only in terms of overall size, but also in terms of cardinal-nephews and crown cardinals. Anti-Papal chronicler Stefano Infessura agreed that Sixtus should be admired 1533 and was entrusted with Sixtus... Taught and was personally involved in the context of the Medici, Oxford Oxford. Too much embroiled in political difficulties and friends and privileges as the University its corporate rights, established a of! But he was made cardinal in 1467 by Pope Telesphorus.His feast is celebrated on 6 April,. Martines, April Blood: Florence and the creation of the Sistine Chapel Medici,:..., Sixtus turned to temporal issues and dynastic considerations Da Vinci 's Demons as an! 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