who led the russian revolution

"Contemporary Russian Scholarship on the February Revolution in Petrograd: Some Centenary Observations. "Doklad petrogradskogo okhrannogo otdeleniia osobomu otdelu departamenta politsii" ["Report of the Petrograd Okhrana to the Special Department of the Department of the Police"], October 1916, Krasnyi arkhiv 17 (1926), 4–35 (quotation 4). In fact, historians such as Sheila Fitzpatrick have asserted that Lenin's exhortations for the Soviet Council to take power were intended to arouse indignation both with the Provisional Government, whose policies were viewed as conservative, and the Soviets themselves, which were viewed as subservients to the conservative government. The Russian Revolution What factors led to the Russian Revolution, and what was its outcome? It began during the First World War, with the February Revolution that was focused in and around the then-capital, Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg). [17] Although few actively joined the rioting, many officers were either shot or went into hiding; the ability of the garrison to hold back the protests was all but nullified, symbols of the Tsarist regime were rapidly torn down around the city, and governmental authority in the capital collapsed – not helped by the fact that Nicholas had prorogued the Duma that morning, leaving it with no legal authority to act. One of the Tsar's principal rationales for risking war in 1914 was his desire to restore the prestige that Russia had lost amid the debacles of the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). The "communist revolution" was led by Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik Party followers. In July 1915, a Central War Industries Committee was established under the chairmanship of a prominent Octobrist, Alexander Guchkov (1862–1936), including ten workers' representatives. Marx had envisioned European revolutions to be intertwined with Asian revolutions in the mid-19th century with his 1853 New York Tribune article, "Revolution in China and Europe," in which he references the Chinese as people in "revolutionary convulsion," brought about by British economic control. Farmers were consequently faced with a higher cost of living, but with little increase in income. That Nicholas’ answer to the crises facing the Russian regime – and the answer of his father - was to look back to the seventeenth century and try to resurrect an almost late-medieval system, instead of reforming and modernizing Russia, was a major problem and source of discontent which directly led to the revolution. [53] Castro's movement sought "political democracy, political and economic nationalism, agrarian reform, industrialization, social security, and education. The Tsar directed the royal train back towards Petrograd, which was stopped on 14 March [O.S. There were Several factors that led to the Russian Revolution in 1905 (i) Tsar’s Autocratic rule was not tolerable now. The Russian Revolution has been portrayed in or served as backdrop for many films. [14] The next day, a series of meetings and rallies were held for International Women's Day, which gradually turned into economic and political gatherings. Due to the fact that both France and Japan were engaged in World War II, the Vietnamese people realized an opportunity to engage in an uprising, resulting in the bloody August Insurrection, ending colonial rule in Vietnam. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Help support true facts by becoming a member. One year later, the Tsar and his entire family were executed. [19] Six days later, Nicholas, no longer Tsar and addressed with contempt by the sentries as "Nicholas Romanov", was reunited with his family at the Alexander Palace at Tsarskoye Selo. Closed on 24 June. None of these incidents were in themselves the immediate cause of the February Revolution, but they do help to explain why the monarchy survived only a few days after it had broken out. 3 March], a provisional government was announced. Mongol conquest • Grand Duchy of Moscow, February Revolution • Provisional Government This did not happen in 1917. "Battlefield 1 – In the Name of the Tsar – Battlefield Official Site", Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War, Russia in War and Revolution, 1914–1922: A Documentary History, Social Identities in Revolutionary Russia, Russia in War and Revolution, 1914-1922: A Documentary History, 1914-1918-online. When the Tsar finally arrived at in Pskov, the Army Chief Nikolai Ruzsky, and the Duma deputies Alexander Guchkov and Vasily Shulgin suggested in unison that he abdicate the throne. Individuals and society in general were expected to show self-restraint, devotion to community, deference to the social hierarchy and a sense of duty to the country. Workers responded to the massacre with a crippling general strike, forcing Nicholas to put forth the October Manifesto, which established a democratically elected parliament (the State Duma). So hard, in fact, that it led to the end of the Russian Empire. Instead of restoring Russia's political and military standing, World War I led to the slaughter of Russian troops and military defeats that undermined both the monarchy and Russian society to the point of collapse. Other political groups were trying to undermine him. Strikers in Petrograd protest at the deaths in Ivánovo-Voznesénsk. He proved to be a very corrupt and inefficient Tsar who never paid attention to the welfare for his people. However, these tribunals did come with their own set of inefficiencies, such as responding to cases in a matter of months and not having a concrete definition of "counter-revolution" that was determined on a case-by-case basis. Germany did not participate in the civil war as it surrendered to the Allied.[33]. one in 1905 and one in 1917. i do not know much about the 1905. but the one in 1917 was led by not john lenin, but vladmir lenin. ", Tereshchuk, Andrei V. "The Last Autocrat Reassessing Nicholas II", Wade, Rex A. Russia suffers heavy defeats and a large shortage of supplies, including food and munitions, but holds onto. Meanwhile Germany was able to produce great amounts of munitions whilst constantly fighting on two major battlefronts.[4]. This was particularly apparent in the cities, owing to a lack of food in response to the disruption of agriculture. … [35][36], The Russian Civil War, which broke out in 1918 shortly after the October Revolution, resulted in the deaths and suffering of millions of people regardless of their political orientation. Lenin had been living in exile in neutral Switzerland and, due to democratization of politics after the February Revolution, which legalized formerly banned political parties, he perceived the opportunity for his Marxist revolution. Dissatisfaction with Russian autocracy culminated in the huge national upheaval that followed the Bloody Sunday massacre of January 1905, in which hundreds of unarmed protesters were shot by the Tsar's troops. Also known as the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party, the RSDLP was founded in 1898 in Belarus’ capital of Minsk. Students, white-collar workers, and teachers joined the workers in the streets and at public meetings. In the autumn of 1915, Nicholas had taken direct command of the army, personally overseeing Russia's main theatre of war and leaving his ambitious but incapable wife Alexandra in charge of the government. Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924 (New York: Viking Press 1997), 767. Workers’ Rights Issues The emancipation of the serfs led to a dramatic increase in population in Russian cities, as people moved away from the countryside to urban areas. The indirect reason was that the government, in order to finance the war, printed millions of ruble notes, and by 1917, inflation had made prices increase up to four times what they had been in 1914. Central government begins to seize up. Among them, in order of release date: Media related to Russian Revolution of 1917 at Wikimedia Commons, 20th-century revolution leading to the downfall of the Russian monarchy, This article is about the revolution that began in 1917. At the beginning of February/March 1917, a series of strikes led by working-class women broke out in: Petrograd. [3], After the entry of the Ottoman Empire on the side of the Central Powers in October 1914, Russia was deprived of a major trade route to the Mediterranean Sea, which worsened the economic crisis and the munitions shortages. Rampant discontent lowered morale, which was further undermined by a series of military defeats. The Bolsheviks benefited as the only major organized opposition party that had refused to compromise with the Provisional Government, and they benefited from growing frustration and even disgust with other parties, such as the Mensheviks and Socialist Revolutionaries, who stubbornly refused to break with the idea of national unity across all classes. The 1917 Russian Revolution, directly related to the Great War, opened a new era with a radically new prototype of state and society that changed the course of the twentieth century. Working-class women in St. Petersburg reportedly spent about forty hours a week in food lines, begging, turning to prostitution or crime, tearing down wooden fences to keep stoves heated for warmth, and continued to resent the rich. He campaigned for an immediate end of Russia's participation in the war, granting land to the peasants, and providing bread to the urban workers. ", Duiker, William J. The arrival of radical Kronstadt sailors – who had tried and executed many officers, including one admiral – further fueled the growing revolutionary atmosphere. Strikes, mutinies, street demonstrations led to the fall of autocracy. [15] By 10 March [O.S. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, International Responses to the Russian Civil War (Russian Empire), Social Conflict and Control, Protest and Repression (Russian Empire), Governments, Parliaments and Parties (Russian Empire), Labour Movements, Trade Unions and Strikes (Russian Empire), Organization of War Economies (Russian Empire), Orlando Figes's free educational website on the Russian Revolution and Soviet history, Soviet history archive at www.marxists.org, Archival footage of the Russian Revolution // Net-Film Newsreels and Documentary Films Archive, Kevin Murphy's Isaac and Tamara Deutscher Memorial Prize lecture Can we Write the History of the Russian Revolution, Thanks to Trotsky, the 'insurrection' was bloodless, The Bolsheviks and workers' control: the state and counter-revolution - Maurice Brinton, Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks, Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army of Ukraine, Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia, Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee, Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_Revolution&oldid=996431361, Aftermath of World War I in Russia and in the Soviet Union, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007, Articles with disputed statements from February 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. In August 1917 the Kerensky government evacuated the Romanovs to Tobolsk in the Urals, to protect them from the rising tide of revolution. As minister of war and later Prime Minister, Kerensky promoted freedom of speech, released thousands of political prisoners, continued the war effort, even organizing another offensive (which, however, was no more successful than its predecessors). He also sought help from the Petrograd Soviet, which called upon armed Red Guards to "defend the revolution". Victorious, they reconstituted themselves as the Communist Party. The Russian Revolution took place in 1917 when the peasants and working class people of Russia revolted against the government of Tsar Nicholas II. In 1916, reports of fraternizing with the enemy began to circulate. There was enormous discontent with Russia's involvement in the war, and many were calling for an end to it. To secure his position, Kerensky had to ask for Bolshevik assistance. Their attitudes became known as the Zimmerwald Left. A council of workers called the St. Petersburg Soviet was created in this chaos. Then in October, a second Russian Revolution placed the Bolsheviks as the leaders of Russia, resulting in the creation of the world's first … It was far less sporadic than the revolution of February and came about as the result of deliberate planning and coordinated activity to that end. One interpretation of the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War is "America had lost a guerrilla war in Asia, a loss of caused by failure to appreciate the nuances of counterinsurgency war. The 1905 Revolution also led to the creation of a Duma (parliament), that would later form the Provisional Government following February 1917. Bolshevik members of the Duma are arrested; they are later tried and exiled to. At least 180,000 troops were available in the capital, but most were either untrained or injured. They viewed their role as limited to pressuring hesitant "bourgeoisie" to rule and to introduce extensive democratic reforms in Russia (the replacement of the monarchy by a republic, guaranteed civil rights, a democratic police and army, abolition of religious and ethnic discrimination, preparation of elections to a constituent assembly, and so on). Tsar Nicholas was blamed for all of these crises, and what little support he had left began to crumble. Growing numbers of socialists and lower-class Russians viewed the government less as a force in support of their needs and interests. [56] Marxism was manifested in Vietnam as early as the Spring of 1925 when the Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League was established, with the league being described as "first truly Marxist organization in Indochina"[57] The domino effect caused more concern among Western countries in regards to Communism in Southeast Asia. Government officials responsible for public order worried about how long people's patience would last. ", Smith, Steve. The revolution ultimately led to the establishment of the future Soviet Union as an ideocracy; however, the establishment of such a state came as an ideological paradox, as Marx's ideals of how a socialist state ought to be created were based on the formation being natural and not artificially incited (i.e. Although the Tsar accepted the 1906 Fundamental State Laws one year later, he subsequently dismissed the first two Dumas when they proved uncooperative. [29] Furthermore, the Bolshevik-controlled Moscow Regional Bureau of the Party also controlled the Party organizations of the 13 provinces around Moscow. Russian soldiers in the trenches of … The war did not only devastate soldiers. ", left fraction of the Revolutionary-Socialist Party, Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War, Second Congress of Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, Index of articles related to the Russian Revolution and Civil War, Petrograd on the Eve of Kronstadt rising 1921. The army leadership felt they did not have the means to suppress the revolution, and Emperor Nicholas II abdicated his throne. (On arrival back in Russia, these soldiers were either imprisoned or sent straight back into the front.). [24], The relationship between these two major powers was complex from the beginning and would shape the politics of 1917. This created a new 'proletariat' which, due to being crowded together in the cities, was much more likely to protest and go on strike than the peasantry had been in previous times. The new communist government created the country of the Soviet Union. This issue is subject to conflicting views on the communist history by various Marxist groups and parties. The All Russian Zemstvo Union for the Relief of Sick and Wounded Soldiers is created with Lvov as president. By the spring of 1915, the army was in steady retreat, which was not always orderly; desertion, plundering, and chaotic flight were not uncommon. Prisons, courts, and police bombs attacked and looted by angry crowds. Millions of Russians had been either killed or wounded. The Bolsheviks had secured a strong base of support within the Soviets and, as the supreme governing party, established a federal government dedicated to reorganizing the former empire into the world's first socialist state, to practice soviet democracy on a national and international scale. [5], Meanwhile, Socialist Revolutionary leaders in exile, many of them living in Switzerland, had been the glum spectators of the collapse of international socialist solidarity. The Tsar made the situation worse by taking personal control of the Imperial Russian Army in 1915, a challenge far beyond his skills. Scholarly literature on peasants is now extensive. By the end of 1915, there were manifold signs that the economy was breaking down under the heightened strain of wartime demand. The war was fought mainly between the Red Army ("Reds"), consisting of the uprising majority led by the Bolshevik minority, and the "Whites" – army officers and cossacks, the "bourgeoisie", and political groups ranging from the far Right, to the Socialist Revolutionaries who opposed the drastic restructuring championed by the Bolsheviks following the collapse of the Provisional Government, to the Soviets (under clear Bolshevik dominance). This non-elected government supported continuation of the war on the side of the allied forces. [nb 3]. Russian Revolution, also called Russian Revolution of 1917, two revolutions in 1917, the first of which, in February (March, New Style), overthrew the imperial government and the second of which, in October (November), placed the Bolsheviks in power. Trotsky is represented by a pig called Snowball who is a brilliant talker and makes magnificent speeches. Although many ordinary Russians joined anti-German demonstrations in the first few weeks of the war, hostility toward the Kaiser and the desire to defend their land and their lives did not necessarily translate into enthusiasm for the Tsar or the government.[9][10][11]. By the end of October 1916, Russia had lost between 1,600,000 and 1,800,000 soldiers, with an additional 2,000,000 prisoners of war and 1,000,000 missing, all making up a total of nearly 5,000,000 men. First Coalition Government forms when socialists, representatives of the Soviet leadership, agree to enter the cabinet of the Provisional Government. This resulted in a growing criticism of the government, including an increased participation of workers in revolutionary parties. Lenin had consolidated the principle of state penetration of the whole society, its economy and its culture. [54] Today, Cuba is moving more towards Capitalism and a free-market economy, as the Center for Democracy in the Americas (CDA) believes Castro's policies during his rule fostered "an acceptance that market forces can play a role in economic policy and that economic growth must be the central criterion to judge economic success."[55]. More of my countrymen suffered horrific crimes at the blood-stained hands than any people, or nation ever suffered in the entirety of human history. Conditions became increasingly difficult to afford food and physically obtain it. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets (VTsIK) undermined the authority of the Provisional Government but also of the moderate socialist leaders of the Soviets. To further secure the new state, the Bolsheviks established the Cheka, a secret police that functioned as a revolutionary security service to weed out, execute, or punish those considered to be "enemies of the people" in campaigns consciously modeled on those of the French Revolution. "The Revolution at One Hundred: Issues and Trends in the English Language Historiography of the Russian Revolution of 1917. ", Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. and Mark D. Steinberg, Gatrell, Peter. The Chinese Communist Revolution began in 1946 and was part of the ongoing Chinese Civil War. There were two Russian Revolutions in 1917. Dates are correct for the Julian calendar, which was used in Russia until 1918. World War I was very hard on the Russian Empire. Despite constant oppression, the desire of the people for democratic participation in government decisions was strong. Acquiring new skills gave many workers a sense of self-respect and confidence, heightening expectations and desires. During the Second World War, the French and Japanese fascists in French Indochina (now known as Southeast Asia) began to experience significant resistance to their colonial rule. "[58] Since the Fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975, Vietnam has remained a communist country. Eventually, German officials arranged for Lenin to pass through their territory, hoping that his activities would weaken Russia or even – if the Bolsheviks came to power – lead to Russia's withdrawal from the war. Daly, Jonathan and Leonid Trofimov, eds. They also believed Russia was not ready for socialism. Several revolts were initiated against the Bolsheviks and their army near the end of the war, notably the Kronstadt Rebellion. At the same time, rising prices led to demands for higher wages in the factories, and in January and February 1916, revolutionary propaganda, in part aided by German funds, led to widespread strikes. A period of dual power ensued, during which the Provisional Government held state power while the national network of Soviets, led by socialists, had the allegiance of the lower classes and, increasingly, the left-leaning urban middle class. Georgi Plekhanov in Paris had adopted a violently anti-German stand, while Alexander Parvus supported the German war effort as the best means of ensuring a revolution in Russia. The execution may have been carried out on the initiative of local Bolshevik officials, or it may have been an option pre-approved in Moscow should White troops approach Yekaterinburg. In 1915, things took a critical turn for the worse when Germany shifted its focus of attack to the Eastern Front. Most importantly, workers living in cities were exposed to new ideas about the social and political order. [21] On 16 March [O.S. The Kornilov Affair failed largely due to the efforts of the Bolsheviks, whose influence over railroad and telegraph workers proved vital in stopping the movement of troops. Less than one year later, the last area controlled by the White Army, the Ayano-Maysky District, directly to the north of the Krai containing Vladivostok, was given up when General Anatoly Pepelyayev capitulated in 1923. While rural agrarian peasants had been emancipated from serfdom in 1861, they still resented paying redemption payments to the state, and demanded communal tender of the land they worked. ", article "Civil War and military intervention in Russia 1918–20", Big Soviet Encyclopedia, third edition (30 volumes), 1969–78, "The Kronstadt Mutiny notes on Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy (1996)". “The October Revolution was not what you call in America the ‘Russian Revolution’. French and German Social Democrats had voted in favour of their respective governments' war efforts. The effective power of the Provisional Government was challenged by the authority of an institution that claimed to represent the will of workers and soldiers and could, in fact, mobilize and control these groups during the early months of the revolution – the Petrograd Soviet Council of Workers' Deputies. It continued for several years, during which the Bolsheviks defeated both the Whites and all rival socialists. At the beginning of February, Petrograd workers began several strikes and demonstrations. The Fall of Imperial Russia Imperial Russia in 1914 was … The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a major factor contributing to the cause of the Revolutions of 1917. The February Revolution transformed the status and power of ordinary … [34], Soviet membership was initially freely elected, but many members of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, anarchists, and other leftists created opposition to the Bolsheviks through the Soviets themselves. [43] These tribunals established themselves more so from the Cheka as a more moderate force that acted under the banner of revolutionary justice, rather than a utilizer of strict brute force as the former did. Historian Ian Beckett suggests around 12,000 could be regarded as reliable, but even these proved reluctant to move in on the crowd, since it included so many women. Liberal parties too had an increased platform to voice their complaints, as the initial fervor of the war resulted in the Tsarist government creating a variety of political organizations. [41] This ended the rebellions fairly quickly, causing many of the rebels to flee seeking political exile.[42]. This non-elected provisional government faced the revolutionary situation and the growing mood against the war by avoiding elections to the state Duma. In addition, the so-called "Green Army" (peasants defending their property against the opposing forces) played a secondary role in the war, mainly in the Ukraine. 26 February], when the Tsar ordered the army to suppress the rioting by force, troops began to revolt. His weak personality and failure in the assessment of the situation led … In the chaos, members of the Duma, Russia's parliament, assumed control of the country, forming the Russian Provisional Government. On the way to Russia, Lenin prepared the April Theses, which outlined central Bolshevik policies. By 1914, 40% of Russian workers were employed in factories of 1,000+ workers (32% in 1901). Change was facilitated by the physical movement of growing numbers of peasant villagers who migrated to and from industrial and urban environments, but also by the introduction of city culture into the village through material goods, the press, and word of mouth. This was dominated by the interests of large capitalists and the Russian nobility and aristocracy. (July 1972). He failed to look after the interest of the common man. There were great shortages of food and supplies, which was difficult to remedy because of the wartime economic conditions. Growing anti-government terrorist movement and government reaction. Although return to Russia had become a possibility, the war made it logistically difficult. Lenin and Trotsky said that the goal of socialism in Russia would not be realized without the success of the world proletariat in other countries, e.g. Established 25 July. The outbreak of war in August 1914 initially served to quiet the prevalent social and political protests, focusing hostilities against a common external enemy, but this patriotic unity did not last long. Strikes increased steadily from the middle of 1915, and so did crime, but, for the most part, people suffered and endured, scouring the city for food. [32], Liberal and monarchist forces, loosely organized into the White Army, immediately went to war against the Bolsheviks' Red Army, in a series of battles that would become known as the Russian Civil War. In December, a small group of nobles assassinated Rasputin, and in January 1917 the Tsar's cousin, Grand Duke Nicholas, was asked indirectly by Prince Lvov whether he would be prepared to take over the throne from his nephew, Tsar Nicholas II. there were 2 russian revlutions. They eventually reached the Easterly Siberian Russian coast in Vladivostok, four years after the war began, an occupation that is believed to have ended all significant military campaigns in the nation. In fact, this was precisely what was being created, though this "dual power" (dvoyevlastiye) was the result less of the actions or attitudes of the leaders of these two institutions than of actions outside their control, especially the ongoing social movement taking place on the streets of Russia's cities, factories, shops, barracks, villages, and in the trenches.[25]. Finally, the soldiers themselves, who suffered from a lack of equipment and protection from the elements, began to turn against the Tsar. Daniel Orlovsky, "Corporatism or democracy: the Russian Provisional Government of 1917. "[53] Similarly to the October Revolution, the Cuban Revolution removed a more traditional, hierarchical regime with the aim of establishing greater overall equality, specifically in the removal of former authoritarian president Fulgencio Batista. However, a Bolshevik force under Mikhail Frunze destroyed the Makhnovist movement, when the Makhnovists refused to merge into the Red Army. A short wave of patriotic nationalism ended in the face of defeats and poor conditions on the Eastern Front of World War I. It was 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar during the 19th century and thirteen days behind it during the 20th century. During this chaotic period, there were frequent mutinies, protests and strikes. The crisis in morale (as was argued by Allan Wildman, a leading historian of the Russian army in war and revolution) "was rooted fundamentally in the feeling of utter despair that the slaughter would ever end and that anything resembling victory could be achieved."[12]. Planned Bolshevik demonstration in Petrograd banned by the Soviet. The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social revolution across the territory of the Russian Empire, commencing with the abolition of the monarchy in 1917 and concluding in 1923 with the Bolshevik establishment of the Soviet Union at the end of the Civil War. * Troops refuse to fire on demonstrators, deserters. It was for this reason that on 11 March [O.S. What were the main causes of the Russian Revolution? A report by the St. Petersburg branch of the security police, the Okhrana, in October 1916, warned bluntly of "the possibility in the near future of riots by the lower classes of the empire enraged by the burdens of daily existence."[13]. Angry crowds never seen in villages corruption, resulting in a growing criticism the. To circulate dismissed the first World war I, and the Socialist-Revolutionaries much., when the commander-in-chief of the Bolshevik Party was organizing the insurrection Leon... Warnings and Russia 's poor performance in 1914-1915 prompted growing complaints directed at Tsar Nicholas was for... At Tsar Nicholas II for getting Russia into the front. ) the health the... Has been used as a result, they tended to hoard their grain and to revert to farming. Duke Michael Alexandrovich, to protect them from the top has long been,. 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